Notes Introduction 1. See in particular Hisham Sharabi, Neopatriarchy: A Theory of Distorted Change in Arab Society and Halim Barakat, The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State. 2. Islamic custom usually entitles daughters to half the share of sons. Many Middle Eastern and North African states have overridden this custom with laws requiring equal distribution to both. However, the laws are not always applied. 3. Suad Joseph, ‘‘Connectivity and Patriarchy Among Urban Working Class Arab Families in Lebanon.’’ 4. Carol Pateman, The Sexual Contract. 5. Judith E. Tucker, Women in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. 6. Julia A. Clancy-Smith, Rebel and Saint: Muslim Notables, Populist Protest, Colonial Encounters (Algeria and Tunisia, 1800–1904). 7. Sharabi, Neopatriarchy. 8. Edward Said, Orientalism. 9. Rola Sharara, ‘‘Women and Politics in Lebanon.’’ Women’s Activism in the Middle East: A Historical Perspective 1. Margot Badran, ‘‘Competing Agenda: Feminists, Islam and the State in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Egypt,’’ 205. 2. Suad Joseph, ‘‘Elite Strategies for State-Building: Women, Family, Religion and the State in Iraq and Lebanon.’’ 3. See for instance Nawal El-Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World and Nawal El-Saadawi, ‘‘Women and Islam.’’ 4. See for instance Fatima Mernissi, Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society and Mernissi, ‘‘Virginity and Patriarchy.’’ 5. Valerie J. Hoffman, ‘‘An Islamic Activist: Zaynab al-Ghazali.’’ Women and Politics in the Middle East 1. Most of the examples given in the text refer to the following articles, published in Middle East Report 138, 16, no. 1 (1986): Judith Tucker, ‘‘Insurrectionary 206 NOTES TO PAGES 35–38 Women: Women and State in 19th Century Egypt’’; Mary Elaine Hegland, ‘‘Political Roles of Iranian Village Women’’; Julie Peteet, ‘‘No Going Back: Women and the Palestinian Movement’’ (see also this volume); and Sondra Hale, ‘‘The Wing of the Patriarch: Sudanese Women and Revolutionary Parties.’’ 2. Mervat Hatem, ‘‘Egyptian Middle Class Women and Views of the Sexual Division of Labor in the Nationalist Personalized Patriarchal System’’; Rola Sharara, ‘‘Women and Politics in Lebanon.’’ 3. Raymonda Tawil, My Home, My Prison. 4. Deniz Kandiyoti, ‘‘From Empire to Nation State: Transformations of the Woman Question in Turkey’’; Serin Tekeli, ‘‘Women in Turkish Politics’’; Suad Joseph, ‘‘The Mobilization of Iraqi Women into the Wage Labor Force.’’ 5. Michelle Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere, eds., Women, Culture, and Society. 6. Suad Joseph, ‘‘Working-Class Women’s Networks in a Sectarian State: A Political Paradox,’’ 1. 7. Ibid., 1–22. 8. Suad Joseph, ‘‘The Family as Security and Bondage: A Political Strategy of the Lebanese Urban Working Class.’’ 9. Cynthia Nelson and Virginia Olesen, ‘‘Veil of Illusion: A Critique of the Concept of Equality in Western Thought.’’ 10. Suad Joseph, ‘‘The Mobilization of Iraqi Women into the Wage Labor Force.’’ 11. Kandiyoti, ‘‘From Empire to Nation State,’’ argues that feminism was built into the nationalist agenda of the Turkish state from the nineteenth century. Tekeli argues, however, that this was solely in the interests of nation-building. Mounira Charrad, ‘‘The Politics of Family Law: The Tunisian Example,’’ makes a similar point for the place of women in constructing the Tunisian state. Algerian women have on the whole been left out of the nationalist agenda in the interests of retaining the support of the Islamic clergy. See Marnia Lazreg, ‘‘You Don’t Have to Work, Sisters! This Is Socialism.’’ 12. Suad Joseph, ‘‘The Mobilization of Iraqi Women into the Wage Labor Force.’’ 13. For example, the studies cited in note 1. 14. See Afaf Lufti al-Sayyid Marsot, ‘‘Revolutionary Gentlewomen in Egypt’’; Eliz Sanasarian, The Women’s Rights Movement in Iran: Mutiny, Appeasement, and Repression from 1900 to Khomeini; and Leila Ahmed, ‘‘Mysticism, Female Autonomy , and Feminism in Islam.’’ 15. Also noted in Vanessa Maher, ‘‘Kin, Clients, and Accomplices: Relationships Among Women in Morocco’’; and Barbara Aswad, ‘‘Women, Class and Power: Examples from the Hatay, Turkey.’’ 16. Also noted in Barbara Aswad ‘‘Visiting Patterns Among Women of the Elite in a Small Turkish City’’; Louise Sweet, ‘‘The Women of ¡Ain ad Dayr’’; Soraya Altorki, ‘‘Religion and Social Organization of Elite Families in Urban Saudi Arabia’’; and Peter A. Lienhardt, ‘‘Some Aspects of the Trucial States.’’ [44.211.188.101] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 05:36 GMT) NOTES TO PAGES 41–50 207 Women and Work in the Arab World 1. M. Chamie, ‘‘Labour Force Participation of Lebanese Women,’’ 99. 2. Quoted in Nadia Hijab, Womanpower: The Arab Debate on Women at Work, 73. 3. The ILO redefined the economically...