Books Without Borders in Enlightenment Europe: French Cosmopolitanism and German Literary Markets

Notes

notes introduction 1. Robert Darnton, “What Is the History of Books?” in The Book History Reader, ed. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery (London, 2002), 9–26. 2. Friedrich Kapp and Johann Goldfriedrich, Geschichte des deutschen Buchhandels, 4 vols. (Leipzig, 1886–1913) (all subsequent references to the work will be to the third volume); Roger Chartier and Henri-Jean Martin, eds., Histoire de l’édition française, 4 vols. (Paris, 1983–); Nigel Morgan et al., The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, 6 vols. (Cambridge, 1998–2009). In the last several years dissatisfaction with the national model of book history has been growing, as can be seen from the series Transnational Histories of the Book sponsored by the Centre for the History of the Book at the University of Edinburgh. The Edinburgh project, however, is confined to the period after 1800 and deals mainly with the relations between Britain and the Continent. 3. On the itinerant habits of early modern booksellers and the Frankfurt fair as the center of the Latin book trade, see Lucien Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin, The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing, 1450–1800, trans. David Gerard (London, 1976), 138–40, 228–32. 4. On French booksellers in London, see James Raven, The Business of Books: Booksellers and the English Book Trade, 1450–1850 (New Haven, 2007), 109; and on Huguenots in the Low Countries, see the essays in Elizabeth Eisenstein, Grub Street Abroad: Aspects of the French Cosmopolitan Press from the Age of Louis XIV to the French Revolution (Oxford , 1992). In the second half of the eighteenth century, the only two cities in Russia with any kind of established book trade were Saint Petersburg and Moscow, and all the booksellers in those cities were German. My thanks to Dr. Mark Lehmstedt for pointing this out to me. 5. The pressmen who worked in the printing shop of the Société Typographique in Neuchâtel during the 1770s included Germans and Swiss Germans, as well as native French-speakers—a fact attested by the letters of Johann Jacob Flick in the STN archive. Flick, a bookseller in Basel, wrote to the STN about workers, some of whom he directed to the printing shop in Neuchâtel. 6. Rudolph Jentzsch, Der deutsch-lateinische Büchermarkt nach den Leipziger OstermessKatalogen von 1740, 1770 und 1800 in seiner Gliederung und Wandlung (Leipzig, 1912). 288 notes to pages 2–4 7. On the factory-like production of translations in eighteenth-century Germany, see Helmut Knufmann, “Das deutsche Übersetzungswesen des 18. Jahrhunderts im Spiegel von Übersetzer- und Herausgebervorreden,” Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens 9 (1967). On the widespread presence of French books in the bookshops of eighteenth-century Germany, see Goldfriedrich, Geschichte des deutschen Buchhandels vom Beginn der klassischen Literaturperiode bis zum Beginn der Fremdherrschaft (1740–184), vol. 3 of Geschichte des deutschen Buchhandels (Leipzig, 1909), 531–36. 8. Raven, Business of Books, 143–44; Stefania Valeri, Libri nuovi scendon l’Alpi: Venti anni de relazioni franco-italiane negli archivi della Société Typographique de Neuchâtel (176– 8) (Macerata, Italy, 2006). Although Raven does not say explicitly that the imported books from the Continent were French (some of them may have been Latin), it seems clear that French books predominated in the cross-Channel trade during the eighteenth century. 9. Pascale Casanova, The World Republic of Letters, trans. M. B. Debevoise (Cambridge , Mass., 2004), 45–73. 10. On Goethe’s concept of Weltliteratur, see Antoine Berman, The Experience of the Foreign: Culture and Translation in Romantic Germany, trans. S. Heyvaert (Albany, 1992), 53–68. Goethe did not invent the concept of Weltliteratur until the late 1820s; but his Werther can be seen as an example of Weltliteratur avant la lettre. The idea of the French language as a source of cultural capital transferable to other national literatures is a theme that runs through the work of Casanova, World Republic of Letters. 11. Roger Chartier and Henri-Jean Martin, eds., Le livre triomphant, 1660–1830, vol. 2 of Histoire de l’édition française (Paris, 1990), 385–87. 12. See, for example, the various articles on extraterritorial French publishing collected in Chartier and Martin, Le livre triomphant, 385–492. Those articles do give some attention to the European markets for French books but much more attention to the production of French books for the French market. The same imbalance can be seen in the highly acclaimed works of Robert Darnton: The Business of Enlightenment...