Advocating Dignity: Human Rights Mobilizations in Global Politics

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. For the statistics, see Karen Hagemann and Stefanie Schüler-Springorum, eds., Home/Front: The Military, War and Gender in Twentieth Century Germany (Oxford: Berg, 2002), 18. 2. John P. Humphrey, Human Rights and the United Nations: A Great Adventure (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers, 1984), 10, 23. 3. Mary Midgley, ‘‘Towards an Ethic of Global Responsibility,’’ in Human Rights in Global Politics, ed. Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 160–61. 4. The poles themselves are more fluid. A defense of the state is at times argued on moral grounds. Richard A. Falk, Human Rights Horizons: The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World (New York: Routledge, 2000), 226–29. 5. Mark Mazower argues that this human rights ‘‘revolution’’ also represented a shift from minority (group) guarantees to individual rights. Based heavily on Anglophone evidence and leadership perspectives, the argument is less about group versus individual rights than about an important recognition of tensions within rights visions that push distinct priorities at precise moments of time. Mark Mazower, ‘‘The Strange Triumph of Human Rights, 1933–1950,’’ Historical Journal 47 (May 2004): 379–98. 6. See Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat, Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants, and States in the Postcolonial World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005), 11–20, for a focused discussion of political community as constituted by the ‘‘state of exception.’’ 7. Patricia Hyndman, ‘‘Cultural Legitimacy in the Formulation and Implementation of Human Rights Law and Policy in Australia,’’ in Human Rights in Cross-Cultural Perspectives: A Quest for Consensus, ed. Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992), 310. 8. Often used synonymously with ‘‘international,’’ ‘‘transnational’’ more appropriately refers to a circulation of ideas, movements, and contacts among people in different societies and not to the international level of state and intergovernmental interactions. 9. D. J. Ravindran, ‘‘In Pursuit of Human Dignity,’’ in A Human Rights Message , Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Sweden (Boräs: Centraltryckeriet, 1998), 127– 31. The collection was published to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 10. Ibid., 128, 129, 131. 11. For a good summary of the debates, see Jack L. Goldsmith and Eric A. 308 Notes to Pages 9–21 Posner, The Limits of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 14–17. 12. Among his many publications, see Jack Donnelly, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003), 11–16. 13. Falk, too, is a prolific scholar; for his take on human rights, see Human Rights Horizons. 14. Among others, see Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995), and Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in 15. Akira Iriye, Global Community: The Role of InternaInternational Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998). 15. Akira Iriye, Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).16. Micheline R. Ishay, ed., The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Essays, Speeches, and Documents from the Bible to the Present (New York: Routledge, 1997). For the historical meanings of such terms as ‘‘liberty,’’ ‘‘privilege,’’ and ‘‘freedom ’’ over time, see Orlando Patterson, ‘‘Freedom, Slavery, and the Modern Construction of Rights,’’ in Historical Change and Human Rights: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures, 1994, ed. Olwen Huften (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 132–78. 17. Jan Herman Burgers, ‘‘The Road to San Francisco: The Revival of the Human Rights Idea in the Twentieth Century,’’ Human Rights Quarterly 14.4 (November 1992): 447–77. Paul Gordon Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998). 18. The recently deceased American historian Kenneth Cmiel has brought historical precision to the debates. See, in particular, his ‘‘The Recent History of Human Rights,’’ American Historical Review 109.1 (February 2004): 117–35. 19. For a theoretical defense of a new social history, which claims social agency within existing linguistic, political, and economic structures, see Pierre Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993). For a spirited discussion of old and new social and cultural history, see ‘‘AHR Forum: Geoff Eley’s A Crooked Line,’’ American Historical Review 113.2 (April 2008): 391–437. Human rights language, of course, also is available to those who defend existing power hierarchies and global...