Notes Introduction 1. See Haynes, D. 2008. ‘‘Iraq Minister: US Combat Troops to Pull out in Three Years under New Deal.’’ The Times, 14 August; Sabah, Z., and S. Raghavan. 2008. ‘‘Sectarian Bias Alleged in Iraqi Raids in Diyala.’’ Washington Post, 20 August; MacAskill, E. 2008. ‘‘Iraqi Militia Leader to Order Followers to Lay Down Their Arms.’’ Guardian, 6 August; Said, Y. 2008. ‘‘Iraq Oil Dispute.’’ Financial Times, 23 July. 2. The decision to extend the deadline is often attributed to either being ‘‘agreed’’ by the ‘‘five Iraqi leaders’’ (the three members of the Presidency Council (Jalal Talabani, Adel Abdul Mahdi, and Tareq al-Hashimi), the Prime Minister of Iraq (Nouri al-Maliki) and the Prime Minister of the KRG (Nechirvan Barzani)) or extended unilaterally by the UN. Neither interpretation is accurate . Instead, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) suggested to all of them that there was a need for delay in the implementation of Article 140, given the impossibility of holding a referendum in the remaining three weeks of the agreed period. None of them responded to UNAMI which was interpreted as none of them objecting to the proposal. What is important to note is that neither UNAMI nor the non-responsive Iraqi leaders suggested any deadline. Rather, the most that could be said to have been agreed was to UNAMI’s proposal to facilitate the implemention of Article 140 with UNAMI assistance during the first six months of the delay. Source: email communication with Andrew Gilmour, Political Director of UNAMI, 2 October 2008. 3. Janabi, N. 2008. ‘‘Kirkuk’s Article 140: Expired or Not.’’ Policy Watch 1335, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 30 January. 4. The recommendations of UNAMI can be read at http://www.uniraq.org/ newsroom/getarticle.asp?ArticleID⳱702. The outright rejection of the recommendations by all parties illustrates their inability to recognize the need to compromise on some of the issues involved with the resolution of the overall disputed territories, and Kirkuk in particular. 5. Parker, N., and S. Hameed. 2008. ‘‘In Iraq, Kurds Walk out of Parliament in Protest.’’ Los Angeles Times, 23 July. 6. Abdul-Zahra, Q. 2008. ‘‘Iraqi Presidential Council Rejects Elections Law.’’ Associated Press, 23 July. 7. KRG. 2008. ‘‘Statement: Kurdistan Regional Government Rejects Provincial Elections Bill Due to Breach of Constitution,’’ 23 July (http://www.krg.org/arti cles/detail.asp?smap⳱02010100&lngnr⳱12&anr⳱24961&rnr⳱223). 8. For an example of this approach, see Iraqi Crisis Group. 2008. ‘‘Oil for 246 Notes to Pages 7–14 Soil: Toward a Grand Bargain on Iraq and the Kurds.’’ Crisis Group Middle East Report No. 80, 28 August. 9. KRG. 2008. ‘‘President Barzani: Iraq Will Fall Apart If Constitution Violated .’’ KRG Press Release, 7 August (http://www.krg.org/articles/detail.asp smap⳱02010100&lngnr⳱12&anr⳱25113&rnr⳱223). 10. Hacaoglu, H. 2008. ‘‘Kirkuk Dispute Fuels Ethnic Tensions in Iraq.’’ Associated Press, 15 August; Oppel, R. 2008. ‘‘Kurdish Control of Kirkuk Creates a Powder Keg.’’ New York Times, 18 August. Part I. Introduction 1. When referring to the situation in Kirkuk, it is important to differentiate between the city and the province. Of course, their futures are intrinsically intertwined , but the characteristics of the city do not translate directly onto the province . 2. Hepburn, A. 2006. ‘‘Ethnicity and Power in Contested Cities: The Historical Experience.’’ Comparative Urban Studies Project: Urban Update no. 7. Washington , D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 3. We have chosen not to include a section on the perspective of the Christians/Assyrians. While clearly of importance in the ethnoconfessional mosaic of Iraq, and with a long association with Kirkuk (indeed, the longest of any group), the limited Christian population of contemporary Kirkuk has not proved sufficient for this community to have secured a meaningful voice in the debate surrounding the city’s future—unlike the Kurds, Turkmens, and Arabs. We do, however, refer to Christians and Assyrians at appropriate moments throughout the book. Chapter 1. Kirkuk before Iraq 1. Kramers, J. H. 2008. ‘‘Kirkuk.’’ In P. Beaman, T. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 5. Leiden: Brill: 144. 2. Mudhir, K. 2004. Kirkuk and Its Dependencies. Erbil: Ministry of Culture: 6. 3. Ibid. 4. Izady, M. 1993. ‘‘Exploring Kurdish Origins.’’ Kurdish Life 7 (http://www .xs4all.nl/⬃tank/kurdish/htdocs/his/orig.html). 5. Elphinstone, W. G. 1946. ‘‘The Kurdish Question.’’ International Affairs 22.1: 92. 6. Diakonoff, I. M. 1985. ‘‘Media.’’ In I. Gershevitch (ed.), The Cambridge...