Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet

Notes

Notes Preface 1. Powers, “The Islamic Law of Inheritance, Reconsidered.” 2. Powers, SQH. 3. Motzki, “Review of Studies in Qurān and H˘adı̄th,” 20: “Obwohl ich P[owers] in zentralen Punkt nicht folgen kann.” 4. Ziadeh, “Review of Studies in Qurān and H˘adı̄th.” 5. Madelung, “Review of Studies in Qurān and H˘adı̄th.” 6. Rippin, “Ibn Abbās’s Al-lughāt fı̄’l Qurān.” 7. Burton, “Review of Studies in Qurān and H˘adı̄th.” 8. Gilliot, “Exégèse et sémantique institutionnelle dans le commentaire de Tabari,” 80ff. 9. Crone, “Two Legal Problems Bearing on the Early History of the Qurān,” 8–9. 10. Kimber, “The Quranic Law of Inheritance.” 11. Dutton, The Origins of Islamic Law, 109–12, 135. 12. Cilardo, The Qurānic Term Kalāla. 13. Wael B. Hallaq, ed., The Formation of Islamic Law, xxv. 14. See, for example, Powers, Law, Society, and Culture in the Maghrib: 1300–1500. 15. Westbrook, ed., HANEL. 16. Ibid., 1:588. 17. Déroche and Noseda, Sources de la transmission manuscrite du texte coranique, vol. 1. 18. On the unthinkable in Islamic discourse, see the many writings of Mohammed Arkoun, e.g., Rethinking Islam: Common Questions, Uncommon Answers. Chapter 1. The Foundation Narratives of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam 1. Levenson, The Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son, 70. 2. Unlike later Calvinist theology, the Jewish understanding of chosenness does not entail the damnation of those who have not been elected. In Gen. 9:1–17 God establishes an “everlasting covenant” with Noah and his descendants “and all living creatures .” See Levenson, “The Universal Horizon of Biblical Particularism”; Kaminsky, Yet I Loved Jacob. 3. The Anchor Bible Dictionary, s.vv. Edom ( J. R. Bartlett); Ishmaelites (Ernst Axel Knauf ). 4. In the biblical narrative, the only subsequent contact between father and son takes place at Abraham’s burial in the cave of Machpelah, at which both Isaac and Ishmael are present (Gen. 25:9). According to postbiblical midrash, however, Abraham did attempt to reestablish contact with Ishmael. See Chapter 7. 5. The marriage between Milcah and Nahor was a marriage between an uncle and a niece: Milcah was the daughter of Haran, whose brothers were Nahor and Abraham . Isaac was Milcah’s nephew. 260 Notes to Pages 7–12 6. Bethuel plays no part in Gen. 24. See Chapter 7. 7. There is no specific and unequivocal statement in the Synoptic Gospels to the effect that Joseph was the natural father of Jesus. The very possibility of a sexual relationship between Joseph and Mary is excluded by the doctrine of the virgin birth. According to the Protevangelium of James, after Mary became pregnant, Joseph said to the High Priest Annai, “I am pure concerning her.” In the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, a midwife who examined Mary after she had given birth to Jesus established that “there has been no spilling of blood in his birth, no pain in bringing him forth. A virgin has conceived, a virgin has brought forth, and a virgin she remains.” See Elliot, Apocryphal New Testament, 62–63, 93. See further Chapter 7. 8. On covenant in the Qurān, see Gwynne, Logic, Rhetoric, and Legal Reasoning in the Qurān, chap. 1. 9. Both Hūd and Să¯lih ˘ are said to have been descendants of Noah through his son Shem; Shuayb is identified as Jethro, the father-in-law of Moses. See EI2 , s.vv. Hūd (A. J. Wensinck-[Ch. Pellat]), Să¯lih ˘ (A. Rippin), Shuayb (A. Rippin). In addition, the non-Arab prophet Dhūal-Qarnayn is said to have been a descendant of Abraham on his father’s side. See EQ, s.v. Alexander ( John Renard). 10. For details and variants, see The History of al-Tăbarı̄, 9:127–28, note 876. 11. See again Levenson, The Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son, passim. 12. See Wansbrough, The Sectarian Milieu. 13. In addition to Wansbrough, notable exceptions include Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam; Rubin, The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims; Sizgorich, “Narrative and Community in Islamic Late Antiquity”; idem, “‘Do Prophets Come with a Sword?’ Conquests, Empire, and Historical Narrative in the Early Islamic World”; Maghen, “Intertwined Triangles: Remarks on the Relationship Between Two Prophetic Scandals”; idem, “Davidic Motifs in the Biography of...