Notes Preface . William Dean Howells, Hazard of New Fortunes (; reprint, Bloomington : Indiana University Press, ), , cited in Amy Kaplan, The Social Construction of American Realism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ), . . Philadelphia Inquirer, April , ; Courier-Post, April , . Introduction . For background as well as cogent criticism of the limitations of the War on Poverty, see Michael B. Katz, The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare (New York: Pantheon Books, ), Chapter . See especially Katz’s conclusion on page , that among the most debilitating contradictions in the effort ‘‘was the translation of a structural analysis of poverty into a service-based strategy.’’ . Kerner Commission, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam, ), . . See, for example, Paul S. Grogran and Tony Proscio, Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, ). . Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ), . . Sheryll Cashin, The Failures of Integration: How Race and Class Are Undermining the American Dream (New York: Public Affairs Council, ), xvi. See also the extensive report in the Philadelphia Inquirer, ‘‘The Great Divide,’’ May –, . . David Rusk, Cities Without Suburbs (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, ), –; comments and tables submitted in the summer of as part of a brief challenging the State of New Jersey’s allocation of tax credits, courtesy Kevin Walsh, Fair Share Housing Center. Although eleven of the twenty-four cities on Rusk’s list closed the income gap with their suburbs in the prosperous s, another dozen cities declined significantly enough to qualify for an expanded list. Only Chicago, among those originally listed, could truly qualify as a ‘‘comeback city.’’ Camden, Newark, and Trenton all continued to decline in all three categories. Notes to Pages – ‘‘These three (along with Hartford, East St. Louis, and Benton Harbor [Michigan]) share the cellar of American cities,’’ he concluded. . See Katz, Undeserving Poor, –, covering such important tracts as George Gilder, Wealth and Poverty (New York: Basic Books, ) and Charles Murray , Losing Ground: American Social Policy, – (New York: Basic Books, ). . Norman Fainstein, ‘‘Black Ghettoization and Social Mobility,’’ in Michael Peter Smith and Joe R. Feagin, eds., The Bubbling Cauldron: Race, Ethnicity, and the Urban Crisis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ), . For the origins of the term ‘‘underclass,’’ see Herbert J. Gans, The War Against the Poor: The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy (New York: Basic Books, ), Chapter , ‘‘The Formation of the Underclass Label,’’ –. For a summary of the ‘‘underclass’’ debate, see Michael B. Katz, ‘‘The Urban ‘Underclass’ as a Metaphor of Social Transformation ,’’ in Katz, ed., The ‘‘Underclass’’ Debate: Views from History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ), –, and Alice O’Connor, Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U.S. History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ), especially Chapter . See also Lawrence Mead’s attack on a ‘‘culture of dependency,’’ The New Politics of Poverty: The Nonworking Poor in America (New York: Basic Books, ). According to a forthcoming study from Carl Nightingale at the University of Buffalo, this book had a major impact on the debate that culminated in the welfare legislation, which forced long-term welfare recipients into the workforce. . See Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ), especially Chapter , ‘‘The Lost People,’’ –. . Fred Siegel, The Future Once Happened Here: New York, D.C., L.A., and the Fate of America’s Big Cities (New York: Free Press, ). Siegel wrote as a prominent member of the Manhattan Institute, which had helped subsidize and promote Charles Murray’s Losing Ground and provided advice and support to Republican Rudy Giuliani in his successful campaigns and in his terms as mayor of New York. See also Heather Thompson’s discussion of the work of Jim Sleeper and Jonathan Rieder, as well as Siegel, ‘‘Rethinking the Politics of White Flight in the Postwar City: Detroit, –,’’ Journal of Urban History (January ): –. . See the essays included in Gregory D. Squires, ed., Organizing Access to Capital: Advocacy and the Democratization of Financial Institutions (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, ), and the New York Times, March , October , , . . Sugrue points especially to tensions within rights-based liberalism in the area of housing. ‘‘In cities like Detroit,’’ he writes, ‘‘social reformers and federal officials fought to erect public housing sufficient to meet the needs of those whom the market failed to serve. But public housing advocates were repeatedly stymied by homeowners who asserted their own interpretation...