An Infinity of Nations: How the Native New World Shaped Early North America

Notes

Notes Prologue 1. For an Ojibwe account of the Pike expedition to Leech Lake, see William Warren, History of the Ojibway People (1885; repr. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1984), 349–50. 2. Schoolcraft’s Expedition to Lake Itasca: The Discovery of the Source of the Mississippi, ed. Phillip P. Mason (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1993), appendix A, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft to Elbert Herring, February 13, 1832, 130. 3. Elbert Herring to Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, May 3, 1832, in Mason, Schoolcraft’s Expedition, appendix A, 138. 4. Letters and journal of Lt. John Allen, in Mason, Schoolcraft’s Expedition, 207. 5. Boutwell diary, July 17, 1832, 45. 6. Ibid., 45–46; and “Schoolcraft’s ‘Narrative of an Expedition Through the Upper Mississippi,’” in Mason, Schoolcraft’s Expedition, 54. 7. “Schoolcraft’s ‘Narrative,’” 55. 8. Allen, letters and journal, 210. 9. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1855), 285. 10. Ibid., 287. 11. Ibid., 283. 12. For an example of this sort of narrative, see The Capture of Old Vincennes: The Original Narratives of George Rogers Clark and His Opponent Gov. Henry Hamilton, ed. Milo M. Quaife (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1927). 13. Robert F. Berkhofer, The Whiteman’s Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present (New York: Vintage, 1979); Philip J. Deloria, Playing Indian (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998), 64–65. 14. Christoph Irmscher, Longfellow Redux (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 108; Alan Trachtenberg makes a similar argument, writing that “Longfellow and Schoolcraft agreed that ‘true nationality’ derives from a nation’s ‘singular folk tradition,’ and that in the absence of a ‘folk,’ the United States had its Indians, sadly ‘vanishing’ but gladly rich in accessible lore.” Trachtenberg, Shades of Hiawatha: Staging Indians, Making Americans, 1880–1930 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), 65. 15. Irmscher, Longfellow Redux, 111. 16. Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Oneota, or the Characteristics of the Red Race (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), 14. 17. For an example of Schoolcraft’s use of his wife’s literary production, see Schoolcraft’s Ojibwa Lodge Stories: Life on the Lake Superior Frontier, ed. Phillip P. Mason (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1997). 18. Report of Expedition of 1831, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft to Elbert Herring, appendix A in Mason, Schoolcraft’s Expedition, 126–27. 376 Notes to Pages 13–29 19. For Hiawatha and the Law of Peace, see Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 30–49. 20. For an explanation of the name Anishinaabeg by a scholar who was an Ojibwe mixedblood , see Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 37, 56. 21. The borderlands of the American southwest have seen the most innovative scholarship in this regard. See James Brooks, Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); Ned Blackhawk, Violence Over the Land: Indians and Empires in the Early American West (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006; Pekka Hämäläinen, Comanche Empire (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008); Karl Jacoby, Shadows at Dawn: A Borderlands Massacre and the Violence of History (New York: Penguin Press, 2008); and Brian DeLay, War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the U.S.-Mexican War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008). 22. James Merrell, “The Indian’s New World: The Catabwa Experience,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 41, no. 4 (October 1984), 538. 23. The quotation comes from the intendant of New France in the 1680s, Jean Talon, in Archives National de France, Archives des Colonies, Series C11 E, Des limites des Postes, AN C11 E 1 Mémoire sur la domination des Francois en Canada, July 1687, f 210. Part I. Discovery 1. See, for example, Thomas D. Dillehay, The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory (New York: Basic Books, 2000). 2. Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 14. 3. Ibid., 60. Chapter 1. Place and Belonging in Native North America 1. Anishinaabeg can be translated as “human beings” or “original people”; Anishinaabe is the singular form of this word. This term is significant as a self-referent used by multiple groups of Algonquian peoples that were identified by Europeans in the seventeenth century as distinct Indian nations such as the Sauteurs, known as the Ojibwe...