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FLORA’S EMPIRE @ PEN N STU DI ES I N L A N DSCA PE A RCH ITECTU R E John Dixon Hunt, Series Editor This series is dedicated to the study and promotion of a wide variety of approaches to landscape architecture, with special emphasis on connections between theory and practice . It includes monographs on key topics in history and theory, descriptions of projects by both established and rising designers, translations of major foreign-language texts, anthologies of theoretical and historical writings on classic issues, and critical writing by members of the profession of landscape architecture. The series was the recipient of the Award of Honor in Communications from the American Society of Landscape Architects, 2006. FLORA’S EMPIRE British Gardens in India +EugEnia W. HErbErt∂ U n I v E r S I T y of PE n nS y LvA n I A Pr E S S PH I L A DE L PH I A Copyright © 2011 University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher. Published by University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112 www.upenn.edu/pennpress Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Herbert, Eugenia W. flora’s empire : British gardens in India / Eugenia W. Herbert. p. cm. (Penn studies in landscape architecture) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBn: 978-0-8122-4326-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Gardens, British—India. 2. Gardens—India—History. 3. India— Civilization—British influences. I. Series. SB457.54 .H47 2011 635.0954 22 2011011277 For ElliE WEld and † david aptEr å This page intentionally left blank Open your doors and look abroad. From your blossoming garden gather fragrant memories of the vanished flowers of an hundred years before. —rabindranath Tagore, The Gardener (1913) @ This page intentionally left blank ...

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