The Tongking Gulf Through History

Notes

Preface 1. Keith Weller Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). Introduction. The Tongking Gulf Through History: A Geopolitical Overview My thanks to Nola Cooke for her generous participation in the ongoing development of this chapter, and to John Whitmore, James Anderson, Judith Cameron, and Michael Churchman for their help. 1. Views like “Guangxi will jump from the position of ‘nerve end’ to the pivot of traffic” can often be found on Guangxi websites. See, for example, 27 July 2008, http://www.chinanews.com.cn. 2. Keith W. Taylor, “Preface” to Essays into Vietnamese Pasts, ed. K. W. Taylor and John K. Whitmore (Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, 1995), 6. 3. Victor B. Lieberman, Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, vol. 1, Integration on the Mainland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 342. 4. Denys Lombard, “Another ‘Mediterranean’ in Southeast Asia,” Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies 1 (2007), http://csds.anu.edu.au/volume_1_2007/Lombard.pdf; on seeing SoutheastAsia as another Mediterranean, see the monumental work on premodern Southeast Asia by Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 2 vols. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988, 1993). 5. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 1: 276. 6. Miriam T. Stark, “Early Mainland Southeast Asian Landscapes in the First Millennium A.D.,” Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (June 2006): 5–6. 7. Nishimura Masanari, “Settlement Patterns on the Red River Plain from the Late Prehistoric Period to the 10th Century AD,” Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 25 (2005): 102; Vu Trung Tang, Nguyen Xuan Huan, and Vu Ngoc Thanh, “Bac Bo Delta Estuarine Area,” http://coombs.anu.edu.au/~vern/bac-bo/estuary.html, accessed 4 June 2009. Notes 162 Notes to Pages 6–12 8. For a comprehensive analysis of Vietnamese scholarship on Bronze Age Đông Sơn culture, see Haydon Cherry, “Digging Up the Past: Prehistory and the Weight of the Present in Vietnam,” Journal of Vietnamese Studies 4 (2009): 84–144. 9. Charles Higham and Tracey L.-D. Lu, “The Origins and Dispersal of Rice Cultivation,” Antiquity 72 (1998): 867–77, cited by Cameron in this volume. 10. John Phan, “From Sino to Vietnamese: A New Hypothesis for the Birth of the Vietnamese Language,” paper presented at the international workshop “Vietnam, China and Chinese in Vietnam: New Research on Chinese in Vietnam, Past and Present,” theAustralian National University, Canberra, 28–29 July 2010. 11. Historical texts and brick tombs found in the Red River Delta both confirm much smaller numbers of Han-speaking people lived here after the third century C. E. Household numbers for Jiaozhi also declined remarkably, suggesting out-migration between 280 and 464. 12. Kenneth Hall thinks that they crossed through modern Nghê An and then used the Mekong River to enter Cambodia. See Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985), 173, 184. 13. Wang Gungwu, “The Nanhai Trade: A Study of the Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China Sea,” in Southeast Asia-China Interactions: Reprint of Articles from the Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, ed. Geoff Wade (Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2007), 131. 14. Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (The Complete Annals of Đai Viêt], ed. Chen Jinghe (Chen Chingho), 3 vols. (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Tōyōbunka kenkyūjo Tōyōgaku bunken senta, 1986), 1:163 (hereafter cited as Toàn thư). See also Keith Weller Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 240–41; John K. Whitmore, “Colliding Peoples: Tai/Viet Interactions in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Asian Studies, San Diego, 2000. 15. Li Tana, “AView from the Sea: Perspectives on the Northern and Central Vietnamese Coast,” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (hereafter JSEAS) 37, 1 (2006): 83–102. 16. Phan, “From Sino to Vietnamese,” 2. 17. China’s Western or Former Han dynasty (207 B.C.E.–25 C.E.) was based in Changan; the Eastern or Later Han dynasty (25–220 C.E.) was based in Luoyang. The Southern Han (917–971) was a local regime based in Panyu (Guangzhou). 18. Taylor, Birth of Vietnam, 263. 19. See the inscription of 1159, “Cư Viêt quôc Th...