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i n d e x Aaron Sarjado, Gaon, 32, 242 Abbasid, 57, 65, 66, 77, 219, 258 Abelard, Peter, 184, 287 Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne, R., 156, 302, 306 Abraham ibn Daud, 59, 76, 77, 270, 337; Sefer ha-Qabbalah, 76, 77 Abraham ibn Ezra, 295, 311 Abraham Maimonides, 274 Abrams, Daniel, 192 Abramson, Shraga, 239, 243, 246, 254, 269, 271, 299, 303, 312, 331; on Shmuel HaNagid , 77, 81–82, 268, 270, 272; and mandate for oral study, 274 Abudraham, David ben Joseph, 214 Abu Said H . alfon Ha-Levi, 87, 88 adab, 35, 55 Adam, 145, 196, 333 adjudication, 23, 122–23, 192, 235, 308, 314, 322; extra-talmudic sources in, 43, 45, 142–43; geonic approaches to, 42–63, 165– 66, 312; medieval Northern European approaches to, 136–40; 155; principles of, 36, 66, 70, 138, 218, 246, 300; Qayrawanese approaches to, 66, 70; Rashi’s approach to, 140, 301; Sefardi approaches to, 73, 75, 79, 88, 148, 163, 176, 305; sixteenth-century Polish approaches to, 154; Tosafist approaches to, 141–49, 302–3, 305; use of halakhic compilations for, 52, 54, 255, 313; use of Talmud in, 2, 8, 12–14, 17, 35, 45, 51, 70, 73, 75, 88, 122, 128, 136, 176, 192, 223, 322 Africa, North, 29, 69, 70–72, 81, 83–84, 92, 105, 262–64, 266, 273, 277, 278, 306 aggadah, 34, 126, 137–39, 143, 145–46, 171–72, 175, 192, 195, 208–9, 222, 235, 254, 306, 317– 19, 328, 330, 341 Agobard of Lyon, Bishop, 170, 171, 282, 317 Ah .a of Shabh .a, R., 166, 313 Aharon HaKohen of Lunel, R., 332 Alacal’i, Ya’aqov, R., 87–88 Alain de Lille, 315 Al’ami, Solomon, 311 al-Andalus, 11–12, 38, 54, 59, 65–66, 130, 172, 175, 223, 247, 257, 268; Andalusian discussions of sources to be used in adjudication, 86–87, 125; Jewish curriculum in, 158, 163; links with geonim, 76–77; links with Qayrawan , 71; Muslims in, 83–84; poems of, 134, 266; rabbinic learning in, 78–84, 89, 124–25, 142, 176, 205, 270, 273, 302; understandings of Talmud in, 72, 125, 142, 176, 305. See also Sefarad; Spain al-Barceloni, Judah R. See Judah ben Barzilai, R. Albeck, Shalom, 302, 306 Alcuin of York, 205, 316 Alexander, Philip, 7, 124 Alexander, Tamar, 196, 330 Alfasi, Isaac, R. See Isaac Alfasi Alfonso de Espina, 319 Alfonsi, Petrus, 171–72, 315, 317–18; Dialogus Petri et Moysi Iudae, 171 Algiers, 275 Al-Hawwi, 81–82 Alpert, Bat-sheva, 169, 317 Alphabet of Ben Sira, 172 ’amei ha-arez ., 47, 48, 49, 252, 276 amoraim: adjudicatory principles of, 137; dialectic of, 338; disputes between, 1, 66; divergent formulations of tradition, 43; geonic independence vis-á-vis, 36, 43, 64; geonic legal powers more circumscribed than those of, 259; geonim as heirs of, 42, 64, 218, 243, 250; perceptions of, 44; period of, 236; Rashi on, 127–28, 130, 132; R. Isaac 390 Index amoraim (continued) Dampierre on, 149–50, 314; on scholars with prodigious memories, 29, 31, 242; Sherira Gaon on, 37, 246; Shmuel HaNagid on, 79–80; study practices of, 33, 242–43, 249; Talmud in the Sitz im Leben of, 2, 218; Talmud as oral for, 7, 9, 244, 325; Tosafists as amoraim redivivus, 133, 135, 298 Amulo, Bishop of Lyon, 170–71 anachronism, 1, 3, 36, 165, 179 Angelomus of Luxueil, 170 Anselm of Canterbury, 315 anthology, 14, 61, 68, 88, 131, 171, 198–99, 216, 254–55, 273 Antoninus, 40, 248 Apocrypha, 22, 143, 331, 333 apprenticeship, 151, 336 Aquitaine, 91–92, 98, 277, 280 ’Aqiva, R., 22, 31, 62, 237, 239, 241, 243, 251 Arabic, 38, 55, 57–58, 61, 69, 72, 81–82, 172, 205, 247, 250, 256, 257, 267, 272. See also Judeo-Arabic Aramaic, 11, 53–55, 67, 69, 80, 82–83, 165, 196, 241, 256, 172, 273 Aragon, 90, 171, 175 Arba-ah Turim, 273 aristocracy, 83, 93–98, 104–5, 113, 141, 279, 286. See also nobility Aristotle, 329 artifact, 18, 75, 110, 156, 174, 188, 198, 201–2, 222 artisans, 5, 6, 199 ’Arugat ha-Bosem, 207, 209, 325. See also Avraham b. ’Azriel ’Arukh, 126, 326 asceticism, 99, 195–97, 324, 326–27, 333. See also self-mortification Asfamya, 73, 268 Asher ben Yeh .iel, R., 149, 156, 185, 214 Asher Lemlein Reutlingen, 344 Ashi, Rav, 42, 73, 79, 127–28, 141, 157 Ashkenaz, 3–8, 103, 120, 123, 195, 214, 217...

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