Human Rights and State Security: Indonesia and the Philippines

Notes

Notes Chapter  . Article . of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. Text of the Convention can be found at http://www.ohchr .org/english/law/disappearance-convention.htm. . See the July  special issue of the Journal of Peace Research  (). Chapter  . As Moravcsik puts it, “Powerful democracies are persuaded for essentially idealistic reasons to coerce others to respect human rights norms.” See also Goodman and Jinks : ; Keck and Sikkink : ; Moravcsik : , . . Especially, constructivists’ focus on the impact of human rights norms on developing states, their initial focus on “hard cases” of “normative transformation,” and the adjunct claim that domestic norms impede the internalization of universal human rights standards have also created some uneasiness among scholars. As Amitav Acharya has remarked, this might reify the view that the “problematic practices” of mostly developing states are being socialized away (Acharya : ; Landolt ). . “The more norm-violating governments accept the validity of international norms, the more they start arguing with their critics over specific accusations” (Risse, Ropp, and Sikkink : ). . For a similar argument, see Krebs and Jackson . . A number of articles focus on real and constructed dichotomies between constructivism and rationalism. For a selection, see Checkel ; Fearon and Wendt ; Finnemore and Sikkink . . See the Web site of the United Nation’s High Commissioner for Human Rights, www.ohchr.org/english/law. . The European Convention on Human Rights, Preamble, www.hri.org/docs/ ECHR.html#C.Preamble. . The international legal definition of a state goes back to a German international lawyer, Georg Jellinek. This legal definition became institutionalized in the Montevideo Convention of December ,  (Hobe : f). 286 Notes to Pages 39–78 . Declaration on Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, UNGA Resolution ,  (as quoted in Zacher : ). . This is also how state functions have now been defined by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (). . To put this differently, the question of “What do I want?” must be transformed into “What can I legitimately want?” . A third motivational part might be added. It contains the elaboration of a “call to arms” and a rationale for action that goes beyond the diagnosis and prognosis (Keck and Sikkink : ; Snow and Benford : f). Chapter  . Proponents of the thesis in European countries were Richard Löwenthal () and Hans Daalder (). . National Security Council , “US Policy on Indonesia,”  (as cited in Simpson : ). . Telegram  from Singapore to Foreign Office, October , , FO ,  (as cited in Simpson : ). . The organization was originally an association of NGOs backed by the military in  to counter the growing influence of the Communist party of Indonesia. . This analysis thus complements purely domestic explanations that contend that he was removed from office out of domestic concerns. . “Indonesia: News in Brief,” in Facts on File, October , , www.facts.com .proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/Archive/Search/.asp. . “Talking Points for President Ford’s Visit to Indonesia and Meetings with Indonesian President Suharto,” Memo, Department of State, Secret, December , . . “Indonesia Accused by Rights Group,” New York Times, October , . . “January date will follow the date announced by the GOI for release of , political prisoners. Eventual approval of the F- and M- will depend upon demonstration of GOI good faith and credibility in release of prisoners in accordance with announced plans.” Cable to Zbigniew Brzezinski from Secretary of State Cyrus Vance regarding the connection between United States congressional approval for the sale of F- aircraft to Indonesia in relation to Indonesian human rights issues. Cable, Department of State, Secret, November , . . “Initiatives toward Emerging Powers,” Memorandum from Mike Armacost to Tom Thornton, July , . . Memorandum to Zbigniew Brzezinski for Far East, National Security Council, February , . . “Although Mr. Malik, who began political life as a Trotskyist, has largely ceased to be the hope of Indonesian liberals within the military-based regime of President Suharto, a former general, his strong concern over right-wing Moslem strength continues to link him to his former political friends. In a nation that is, at Notes to Pages 79–87 287 least nominally  percent Moslem, it creates a bond between followers and detractors of the regime” (Kamm b). . “Indonesia: Domestic Tensions Deepens,” DIA Defense Intelligence Notice, January , . . Memorandum to Zbigniew Brzezinski for Far East, National Security Council, February , . . Memorandum to Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Council, Weekly Report, February , . . Memorandum to Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Council, Weekly Report, June , . . James Dunn, a defense analyst and consul to East Timor for the Australian government from  to , as quoted in Taylor : . . Much more detailed accounts can be found...