Notes
Notes Chapter 1. Introduction: Male Creativity and Its Changing Contexts l . John Tosh, "The Old Adam and the New Man: Emerging Themes in the History of English Masculinities, 1 750-1 850," in English Masculinities 1 6601800 , ed. Tim Hitchcock and Michele Cohen (London: Longman, I 999), 230-3 I . 2 . Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex, and Subordination in England, 1500-1800 (New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press, 1 995), 322-23. Samuel Johnson's Dictional)' ( I 755) does not include "masculinity," instead encompassing the various senses of maleness in eight entries: "Man," "Manful," "Manfully," "Manfulness," " Manhood," " Manlike," "Manliness," "Manlv." The dominant Johnsonian definitions include "Human nature," "Virility" (as opposed to womanhood, childhood), "Courage," "Bravery," "Resolution," "Fortitude," "Dig nity," "Stoutness," "Becoming a man," "Firm," "Undaunted," "Undismayed." 3. Tosh, "The Old Adam and the New Man," 236. 4. Tim Hitchcock and Michele Cohen, Introduction, in English l'v1asculinities 1660-1800, ed. Hitchcock and Cohen, 2 1 . 5. Randolph Trumbach has refined his paradigm in a handful of essays, the best known of which are "Sodomitical Assaults, Gender Role, and Sexual De velopment in Eighteenth-Century London," journal ofHomosexuality 1 6 ( 1 989): 407-29; "The Birth of the Queen: Sodomy and the Emergence of Gender Equality in Modern Culture, 1 660-1 750," in Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, eel. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey, Jr. (New York: New American Library, I 989), 29-40; "Gen der and the Homosexual Role in Modern Western Culture: The 1 8th and 1 9th Centuries Compared," in Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality ? ed. Dennis Altman, Carole Vance, et a!. (London: GMP Publishers, I 989), I 49-69; and "London's Sapphists: From Three Sexes to Four Genders in the Making of Modern Culture," in Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity, ed. julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (New York: Routledge, I 99 l ), 1 1 2-4 1 . His recent book, Sex and the Gender Revolution, Vol. 1, Heterosexuality and the Third Gender in Enlightenment London (Chicago: lJniversity of Chicago Press, I 998), offers considerable evidence for his claim "that by 1 730 the majority of men of all social classes had a heterosexual identity" (428). 6. See in particular G. S. Rousseau, "The Pursuit of Homosexuality in the Eighteenth Century: 'Utterly Confused Category' and/or Rich Repository?" Eighteenth-Century Life I I ( I 986): I 32-69; " 'In the House of Madame Van der Tasse': Homosocial Desire and a University Club During the Enlightenment," in The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe, eel. Kent Gerard and Gert Hekma (New York: Harrington Park Press, 228 Notes to Pages 3-9 l 9R9), 3 1 1-4R; "Love and A.ntiquities: Walpole and Gray on the Grand Tour," in his Perilous Enlightenment: Pre- and Post-Modem Discourses Sexual, Historical (Manchester: Manchester University Press, l 99 1 ), 1 72-99. 7. Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Bod� and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1 990). 8. Michael McKeon, "Historicizing Patriarchy: The Emergence of Gen der Difference in England, 1 6fi0-1 760," Eighteenth-Century Studies 28 ( 1 995): 295-322. 9. Kristina Straub, Sexual Suspects: Eighteenth-Century Players and Sexual Ide ology (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1 992). I 0. Jill Campbell, Natural Masques: Gmder and Identity in Fielding's Plays and Novels (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1 995), 1 2-3. 1 1 . Raymond Stephanson, " 'Epicoene Friendship': Understanding Male Friendship in the Early Eighteenth Century, With Some Speculations About Pope," Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation 38 ( 1 997): 1 5 1-70. 12. Shawn Lisa Maurer, Proposing Men: Dialectics of Gender and Class in the Eighteenth-Century Periodical (Stanford, Calif : Stanford University Press, 1 998), 3. I 3. George Haggerty, Men In ],ove: Masculinity and Sexuality in the Eighteenth Cenlury (New York: Columbia UniYersity Press, 1 999), 44-5, 143. 14. Philip Carter, 'James Boswell's Manliness," in English Masculinities 1 6601880 , ed. Hitchcock and Cohen, 1 26, 1 2R, 1 29. In an important article which precedes Carter's, David M. Weed has explained how Boswell's "position at the nexus of several kinds of masculine identitv" reflects the development of "a new relationship between male sexuality and market economics at mid-cen tury" ("Sexual Positions: Men of Pleasure, Economy, and Dignity in Boswell's London journal," Eiglzteenth-CentW)' Studies 3 1 [ l 997-98] : 2 1 6, 23 1 ). Carter's new book, Men and the...
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