Notes
Notes Introduction I. Ann Fabian, Card Sharps) Dream Books) and Bucket Shops: Gambling in Nineteenth-Century America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), I. 2. For an excellent analysis of play in relation to chance, see Gerda Reith, The Age ofChance: Gambling in Western Culture (London: Routledge, 1999), 1343 . For a nuanced consideration of these and other modern theories of play, see Mihai 1. Spariosu, Dionysus Reborn: Play and theAestheticDimension inModern Philosophical and Scientific Discourse (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 54-99. 3. Friedrich Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education ofMan, ed. Elizabeth M. Wilkinson and L. A. Willoughby (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), 107. 4. Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, ed. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Modern Library, 1995), 166. 5. Harvie Ferguson, Introduction to Gerda Reith, The Age of Chance: Gambling in Western Culture (London: Routledge, 1999), xiii. 6. For an excellent overview of the successive waves of gambling studies produced by the social sciences over the last half century, see Jan McMillen, Gambling Cultures: Studies in History and Interpretation (London: Routledge, 1996), 6-42. This study is sensitive to the different ways the gaming industry has intersected with the political, economic, moral, and sociocultural structures of the societies in which it operates. 7. This study is included in Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation ofCultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 413-53. It originally appeared in Daedalus 101, no. 1 (Winter 1972): 1-37. Quotations from this work are by page reference to this edition. See also on this subject, Alan Dundes, The Cockfight: A Casebook (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994). 8. Jackson Lears, Something fbr Nothing: Luck in America (New York: Viking Penguin, 2003), 6. 9. On this view of gambling as an activity whose creation of an alternative world regulated by an alternative law brings with it a new liberty, what he calls a "legaliberty;' see Colas Duflo,]ouer etphilosopher (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997), 250-54. 10. I borrow this notion of "flash points" from Downing A. Thomas, Aesthetics ofOpera in the Ancien RCgime) 1647-1785 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 6. II. For the details of this episode, see Jacques Donvez, De quoi vivait Voltaire (Paris: Deux Rives, 1949). Chapter 3 is devoted to the controversy around the Le Pelletier-Desforts lottery. 234 Notes to Pages 5-17 12. Honore de Balzac, La Rabouilleuse, ed. Maurice Allem (Paris: Garnier, 1959), 72. 13. Georges Bataille, Le Coupable, in Oeuvres completes, 12 vols. (Paris: Gallimard , 1970-88), 5: 319· Chapter I. Toward a Cultural History ofGambling 1. Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study ofthe Play Element in Culture (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955). This study first appeared in Dutch in 1938. 2. Roger Caillois, Les]eux et les hommes (Paris: Gallimard, 1958). 3. David Oldman, "Chance and Skill: A Study of Roulette;' Sociology 8, no. 3 (September 1974): 407. 4. Cited by Peter L. Bernstein, Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk (New York: John Wiley, 1996), 33I. 5. Aristotle, Physics, trans. Richard Hope (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961), 30. 6. For an analysis of this aspect of Aristotle's theory of causality, see Richard Sorabji, Necessity) Cause) and Blame: Perspectives on Aristotle)s Theory (London: Duckworth, 198o). 7. Jerold C. Frakes, The Fate ofFortune in theMiddleAges (New York: E.J. Brill, 1988), 13. 8. Pliny the Elder, Natural History, ed. E. H. Warmington (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1957), 2: 22. 9. For an analysis of Boethius's role in the development of the Christian understanding of chance, see Reith, The Age of Chance, 18-19 and Frakes, The Fate ofFortune, 57-59· 10. Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, Politique tiree des propres paroles de PEcriture sainte, ed. Jacques Le Brun (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1967), 174. II. Thomas Flanagan, "The Concept of Fortuna in Machiavelli;' in The Political Calculus: Essays on Machiavelli)s Philosophy, ed. Anthony PareI (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972), 127-57. On the changing depictions of Fortuna, see also Alfred Doren, "Fortuna im Mittelalter und in der Renaissance ;' Vortriige der Bibliotek Warbu1lJ 2, no. I (1922): 71-144, as well as Lucie Galacterus de Boissier, "Images emblematiques de la Fortune: elements d'une typologie;' in L)Embleme it la Renaissance: actes de la journee de mai 1980, ed. Yves Giraud (Paris: SEDES, 1982), 79-125 and the lavishly illustrated Fortune: 'c.All is but Fortune)), ed. Leslie Thomson (Washington, D.C.: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2000). 12. Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, Fortune Is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the Thought ofNiccolo...
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