Notes
Introduction 1. The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader: Documents, Speeches, and Firsthand Accounts from the Black Freedom Struggle, 1954–1990, general editors Clayborne Carson, David J. Garrow, Gerald Gill, Vincent Harding, and Darlene Clark Hine (New York: Penguin, 1991), 440, 452–57. 2. Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Peace Now: American Society and the Ending of the Vietnam War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999), 104. 3. See Charles DeBenedetti with Charles ChatWeld, An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1990), 158. 4. Martin Luther King, “A Time to Break Silence,” quoted in The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader, 390, 392. 5. Adam Fairclough, Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890–2000 (New York: Penguin, 2002), 133–40, 152–56. 6. Fairclough, Better Day Coming, 183–85; Robert Cook, Sweet Land of Liberty? The African-American Struggle for Civil Rights in the Twentieth Century (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1998), 53–56. 7. See James Farmer, Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Plume, 1985), 74, 81–85, 175; Tim Tyson, Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999); Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America’s Civil Rights Movement (New York: Plume, 1990), 55. 8. Fairclough, Better Day Coming, 22, 46; Farmer, Lay Bare the Heart, 193. 9. Fairclough, Better Day Coming, 236–38; Jervis Anderson, Bayard Rustin: Troubles I’ve Seen. A Biography (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 3–17, 153–54. 10. Anderson, Bayard Rustin, 236–38. 11. Anderson, Bayard Rustin, 193–94; James A. Colaiaco, Martin Luther King, Jr. Apostle of Militant Nonviolence (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993), 34; Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, 56. 12. Robert S. Browne, “The Freedom Movement and the War in Vietnam,” in Vietnam and Black America: An Anthology of Protest and Resistance, ed. Clyde Taylor (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday, 1973), 69; editorial, “Close Ranks,” Crisis 16, 3 (July 1918): 1, quoted in David L. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 (New York: Henry Holt, 1993), 556. Notes 13. Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944–1963 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986), 19. See also Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1990 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991). 14. Lewis, Biography of a Race, 522; Leon D. Pamphile, “The NAACP and the American Occupation of Haiti,” Phylon 47, no. 1 (1986): 92, 93, 98. 15. Fairclough, Better Day Coming, 111–21. 16. Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black America and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 40–51. 17. Mark Naison, Communists in Harlem During the Depression (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 196–97. 18. Horne, Black and Red, 21. 19. Horne, Black and Red, 20. 20. See, for example, George Padmore, “The Vietnamese Struggle for Independence ,” Crisis 55, 3 (March 1948): 92. 21. The slogan was popularized by the Pittsburgh Courier; see Plummer, Rising Wind, 85. 22. Cook, Sweet Land of Liberty? 74; Plummer, Rising Wind, 102. 23. See Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001); Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000); Azza Salama Layton, International Politics and Civil Rights Policies in the United States, 1941–1960 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Penny M. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001). 24. See Kenneth R. Janken, “From Colonial Liberation to Cold War Liberalism : Walter White, the NAACP, and Foreign Affairs, 1941–1955,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (November 1998); Plummer, Rising Wind, 184, Horne, Red and Black, 50–56; Adam Fairclough, “Race and Red-Baiting,” in The Civil Rights Movement , ed. Jack E. Davis (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2001), 98–100; Cook, Sweet Land of Liberty? 95. 25. See, for example, Irving Bernstein, Promises Kept: John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 63; Cook, Sweet Land of Liberty? 82–98; Mary L. Dudziak, “Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative,” Stanford Law Review 41 (1988–89); Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights; Azza Salama Layton, “International Pressure and the U.S. Government’s Response to...
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