Notes
Notes The major source of material for this book is The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, edited successively by Leonard W. Labaree, William Willcox, Barbara B. Oberg, and Ellen R. Cohn (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959–2004) (Papers). Because the volumes after 2004 were not completed at the time this book went to press, the earlier Writings of Benjamin Franklin by Alfred Henry Smyth (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1905–1907) has also been used (Writings), as was a more complete prepublication computer disk of the Papers. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was another frequently consulted primary source (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1996) (Autobiography). There are many good biographies of Franklin. The classic in the field is Carl Van Doren’s Benjamin Franklin (New York: Viking Press, 1938). Among the newer biographies that provide good general background are H. W. Brands’s The First American (New York: Anchor, 2002), Walter Isaacson’s Benjamin Franklin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), and Gordon S. Wood’s The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (New York: Penguin Press, 2004). The following abbreviations are used in the notes. AHR American Historical Review AIM Annals of Internal Medicine AMH Annals of Medical History BHM Bulletin of the History of Medicine BJHH Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital GM Gentleman’s Magazine HS History of Science JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association JHBS Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences JHM(AS) Journal of the History of Medicine (and Allied Sciences) MOI Medical Observations and Inquiries NEJM(S) New England Journal of Medicine (and Surgery) NEQ New England Quarterly NR Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London PMHB Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography PAPS Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society PMHS Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society PT Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London WMQ William and Mary Quarterly 332 NOTES TO PAGES 1–8 Introduction Note to epigraph: Papers 2: 194. 1. Benjamin Franklin et al., Report of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, and Other Commissioners . . . (London: Printed for J. Johnston, St. Paul’s Churchyard, 1785). Reprinted in Foundations of Hypnosis, ed. Maurice M. Tinterow (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1970), 107. 2. Franklin, Report, 108. 3. There have been two earlier tracts on Franklin and medicine, both small and written almost a century ago: William Pepper,The Medical Side of Benjamin Franklin(Philadelphia: Campbell, 1911); Theodore Diller, Franklin’s Contribution to Medicine (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Huntington, 1912). 4. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., “A Portrait of the Colonial Physician,” in The Colonial Physician and Other Essays (New York: Science History Publications, 1977), 5–25; Richard H. Shryock, Medicine and Society in America, 1660–1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1960). 5. Genevieve Miller, “A Physician in 1776,” JAMA 236 (1976): 26–30. 6. William Douglass, A Summary, Historical and Political, of the . . . Present State of the British Settlements in North-America, vol. 2 (London: R. Baldwin, 1755), 351. 7. Richard H. Shryock, “Early Licensing and Subsequent Decadence,” in Medical Licensing in America, 1650–1965 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967), 3–42. 8. For more on competition in the medical marketplace, see Paul Starr, “Medicine in a Democratic Culture: 1760–1850,” in The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982), 30–59. 9. William Smith, History of the Province of New York . . . (London: Thomas Wilcox, 1757), 212. 10. Albert Deutsch, “The Sick Poor in Colonial Times,” AHR 46 (1941): 560–579; Bryan F. LeBeau, “The ‘Angelical Connection’ Revisited,” Journal of American Culture 18 (1995): 1–12. 11. Cotton Mather, Bonifacius: An Essay Upon the Good(1710; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), 82. 12. Patricia Ann Watson, The Angelical Connection (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991). 13. Otho T. Beale, Jr., “Cotton Mather, the First Significant Figure in American Medicine ,” BHM 26 (1952): 103–116; Otho T. Beale, Jr., and Richard H. Shryock, Cotton Mather (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1954); Kenneth Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985). 14. Lester S. King, The Medical World of the Eighteenth Century (Huntington, N.Y.: Krieger, 1971). 15. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971). 16. Herbert Leventhal, In the Shadow of the Enlightenment (New York: New York University Press, 1976). 17. Shigehisa Kuriyma, “Interpreting the History of Bloodletting,” JHMAS 50 (1995): 11–46. 18. Allen G. Debus, The Chemical Philosophy (New York: Science History Publications, 1977); Lester S. King, The Road to the Medical Enlightenment...
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