Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to September 11

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, articles 6–8; similarly, Article 3, Common to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 strictly prohibits specific acts against ‘‘persons taking no active part in hostilities,’’ including murder, torture , and the taking of hostages. 2. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, articles 2–3. Chapter 1. No One Heard Our Screams or Our Suffering 1. Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963– 1969 (New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1971), 287, 301. 2. See Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); William Quandt, Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), chap. 2. 3. Tom Segev, 1949: The First Israelis (New York: Henry Holt, 1986), chap. 2. 4. Said K. Aburish, Arafat: From Defender to Dictator (New York: Bloomsbury, 1998); Alan Hart, Arafat: A Political Biography (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989); Andrew Gowers and Tony Walker, Behind the Myth: Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Revolution (New York: Olive Branch Press, 1992). 5. Aburish, Arafat, 40; Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle and the Search for the State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 87; Helena Cobban, The Palestinian Liberation Organization: People, Power and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 23. 6. Ely Karmon, ‘‘Fatah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine: International Terrorism Strategies (1968–1990),’’ International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, November 2002, 2. 7. Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 94–95; Cobban, The Palestine Liberation Organization, 28–29. 8. Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 71–80; Gowers and Walker, Behind the Myth, 7. 9. Peter St. John, Air Piracy, Airport Security, and International Terrorism: Winning the War Against Hijackers (New York: Quorum Books, 1991), 22; Neil Livingstone and David Halevy, Inside the P.L.O.: Covert Units, Secret Funds, and the War Against Israel and the United States (New York: William Morrow, 1990), 204–5. Livingstone and Halevy suggest the PFLP suspected general and future prime minister Ariel Sharon may have been onboard. 10. Livingstone and Halevy, Inside the PLO, 205. 11. ‘‘Algeria Releases 10 Israelis of 22 on Hijacked El Al Jet,’’ New York Times, 27 July 1968 (hereafter NYT). 276 Notes to Pages 15–31 12. John M. Lee, ‘‘Hijacking Mastermind Is No. 2 in the Popular Front,’’ NYT, 13 September 1972. 13. St. John, Air Piracy, 21; Karmon, ‘‘Fatah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine,’’ 7. 14. Ian Black and Benny Morris, Israel’s Secret Wars: A History of Israel’s Intelligence Services (New York: Grove Press, 1991), 269. 15. John L. Hess, ‘‘Swiss Curb Entry of Arabs and Ask Air Safety Talks,’’ NYT, 23 February 1970, A1. 16. Hess, ‘‘Swiss Curb Entry of Arabs’’; ‘‘Swiss Government Investigates Sabotage ,’’ NYT, 22 February 1972. 17. ‘‘Guerrilla Groups Deny Crash Role,’’ NYT, 23 February 1970; Karmon, ‘‘Fatah and the Popular Front,’’ 7. 18. Livingstone and Halevy, Inside the PLO, 217. 19. Quandt, Peace Process, chap. 4; Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), chaps 10, 14; Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978), 476–85. 20. Nixon, RN, 478; Kissinger, White House Years, 347. 21. St. John, Air Piracy, 25. 22. ‘‘4 Jets Hijacked, One, a 747 Is Blown Up,’’ NYT, 7 September 1970; ‘‘Arabs Hold 150 Hostage in Seized Jets in Desert,’’ NYT, 8 September 1970; Eric Pace, ‘‘Life on Jets Held In Desert Is Harsh,’’ NYT, 9 September 1970; Linda Charlton, ‘‘Desert Jet Deadline Is Extended,’’ NYT, 10 September 1970; ‘‘5 Nations Reject Terms for Freeing of Hostages,’’ NYT, 11 September 1970; Linda Charlton, ‘‘Arabs Release Some Passengers,’’ NYT, 12 September 1970; ‘‘London Is Willing to Free Hijacker, ‘‘ NYT, 12 September 1970; John L Hess, ‘‘Arabs Blow Up 3 Jets in Desert,’’ NYT, 13 September 1970; ‘‘Israel and Arabs Stiffen Positions on Hostage Deal,’’ NYT, 16 September 1970. 23. Nixon, RN, 483; Kissinger, White House Years, 601. 24. Bernard Weintraub, ‘‘BOAC Jet Joins Others in Jordan,’’ NYT, September 9 1970, 1. 25. ‘‘Transcripts: The Guerrillas Story,’’ BBC, UK Confidential, 1 January 2001; ‘‘Black September: Tough Negotiations,’’ BBC, UK Confidential, 1 January 2001. 26. Aburish, Arafat, 115. 27. Ibid. 28. Abu Iyad and Eric Rouleau, My Home, My Land: A Narrative of the Palestinian Struggle (New York: Times Books, 1978), 97. Chapter 2. Revolutionary Violence Is a Political...