Index
Abbadie, Jean-Jacques-Blaise D’ (governor), 101, 130 Abenakis, 159, 160–61, 163 Adams, John Quincy, 239 adoption customs, 243; Osage, 122; Quapaw, 72, 80, 84, 85 agriculture, 254 n.11, Anglo-American, 227, 228; Cherokee, 217–18; and civilization policy, 179; pre-colonial, 18–20, 22; Quapaw, 70, 75, 191–92; women’s role in, 70, 75, 192, 254 n.11 Aguacane, 57, 68 Akamsea. See Quapaws alcohol, 134, 160–61, 194 Alvarado, Hernando de (artillery captain), 49 American Revolution, 153, 159, 239 Aminoya (chiefdom), 24, 44–46, 59 Angaska (Quapaw chief ), 151, 152, 154, 156–57, 286 n.76 Anglo-Americans: deem their race superior, 11, 242; impressed with Cherokee settlement , 217–18; land hunger of, 175, 205; recruited by Cherokees, 208–9; recruited to settle in Louisiana, 177; reject Quapaw gender roles, 192; scorn other territorial claims, 174; view Osages as savages, 207. See also settlers, Anglo-American Anilco (chiefdom), 26, 35, 37, 56; and antiSpanish coalition, 45, 46 Apaches, 27, 68, 109, 110, 242 Arapahos, 242 Arikaras, 185 Arkansas (Indians). See Quapaws Arkansas bands (of Osages). See Arkansas Osages Arkansas Cherokees: assemble pan-Indian forces, 208; assert Cherokee-Anglo brotherhood , 237; build anti-Osage alliance, 215–16; chiefs run plantations, 215; encourage Indian immigration, 219; fight Osages, 208–9; justify Osage war, 218–19; kill Osage horses, 211; led by deposed eastern chiefs, 215; material culture of, 218; as mediators, 216; and Osage lands, 209–11; ostracize delegates, 240; population, 224; portray Osages as enemy, 216; recruit Anglo-Americans, 208–9; send delegation to Washington, 238; try to recruit United States, 217; uninterested in citizenship, 221; and white bandits, 219–21; and white squatters, 238. See also Cherokees; OsageCherokee war Arkansas Osages: accuse United States of deception , 210; allowed to resume trade, 187; and Arkansas Valley as proving grounds, 171; blame United States for Cherokee war, 221; blamed for tribal violence, 170; challenge Pawhuska’s authority, 213; chiefs sign 1808 treaty, 205; court favor of United States, 221; isolated in Cherokee war, 213; justify need for land, 222; kill Cherokees, 210; kill Quapaws, 224; land cessions of, 200, 202–5, 224; leadership structure of, 213; led by younger warriors, 171; object to Cherokee squatters, 210; “party chiefs” made permanent, 204; peace with Cherokees , 224; promise to learn to farm, 223; recruit Kansas; 216; recruit Missouris, 216; relations with larger tribe, 170, 173, 204, 205. See also Osage-Cherokee war; Osages Arkansas Post: attacked by Chickasaws, 99; attacked by Colbert, 155–56, 286 n.74; and desertion, 80; garrison withdrawn, 79; Quapaws do not defend, 99; relocates nearer to Quapaws, 82, 99; active despite embargo, 122–23 Arkansas River factory, 187, 230 Arkansas Territorial Assembly, 231 arms trade, 3, 194–95 Bailey, Garrick Alan, 115 Barbour, James (secretary of war), 239, 242 Index Bates, Frederick (governor), 206 Baton Rouge, 151, 181 Battle of Fallen Timbers, 159 Bel Oiseau (Osage chief ), 183 Bernard, Jean Baptiste, 80, 81 Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de (governor): complains of Quapaw demands , 101; establishes Fort Orléans, 107; and Natchez War, 96–97; rewards Quapaws , 91 Bigotes (Pecos chief ), 49 bison, 23; conquistadors’ fear of, 50, 51 Boganienhin (Osage), 107 borders: Indian more effective than European, 163; opposing definitions, 28; in pre-colonial era, 9, 14; solidified through trade, 15, 16 Bourbon monarchies, 119, 120, 272 n.56 Bourbon Reforms, 120 Bourgmont, Etienne de (Fort Orléans commandant ), 107–8 Bradford, William (Fort Smith commander), 221–22, 224–26 Bradley (archaeological site), 31 (fig.), 258 n.1 Bright, Jacob, 187–88 British: and Chickasaws, 153; defeated at New Orleans, 207; and Quapaws, 134–41; rivalry with French, 114; traders expelled, 151; trade with Osages, 166 Brown, Kathleen, 243 Brucaigais (Osage), 126, 171 Bruff, James (commander of Upper Louisiana), 184 Burr, Aaron, 182, 291 n.58 Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Núñez, 35, 49, 53 Caddoans: block Osage access to west, 104; desire French alliance, 92; isolated between Apaches and Osages, 109; move closer together for security, 110; and trade, 110, 116. See also Caddos; Hasinais; Kadohadachos ; Kichais; Panimahas; Panis Noirs; Panis Piqués; Wichitas Caddos: ancestors of, 27; and Osages, 169–70, 173, 185; population, 248; recruited by Arkansas Cherokees, 208–9 removals of, 242. Caddos. See also Caddoans; Hasinais; Kadohadachos Cahokia (chiefdom), 22, 23, 26, 27, 121 Cahokia (town), 106 Calhoun, John C., 209, 210, 211, 225 calumets: carried by Europeans, 19; in diplomatic ceremonies, 19, 70, 75, 94 (fig.), 108, 89–90, 118; offered to Jolliet and...
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