Notes
Notes Chapter 1. Introduction: The Sex Persecution Campaigns Note to epigraphs: Therese, refugee claimant and board member of Refugee Action Montreal (RAM). Interview, Montreal, 19 July 1995. Nada, cited in the Ottawa Citizen, 11 March 1993. Randy Gordan, assistant to the immigration minister, letter to the ICHRDD, 7 September 1992. Bernard Valcourt, immigration minister, cited in London Free Press, 16 January 1993. 1. See, for example, research cited by the University of California at Hastings project on gender persecution, http://sierra.uchastings.edu/cgrs/law/articles.html (at February 2008), and the 2005 UNHCR bibliography on refugee women. 2. Exceptions are limited to descriptive paragraphs on political process in Macklin (1999), Kuttner (1997), and Gilad (1999), and a policy paper by Young (1994), which analyzes an asylum claim from the campaign period studied. Summary accounts of legal developments in this area are generally positivist, nationally focused, and shortterm , concerned neither with explaining developments nor how entrenched gender bias in human rights was overcome. In a 1994 speech, Janet Dench, executive director, CCR, observed refugee women's importance to policy changes that occurred but was not concerned with explaining their participation or resulting human rights expansions . I was grateful for the opportunity to interview Dench and Young along with other key actors, whose personal experience and insights were invaluable to this study. 3. These are examined in Chapter 3. 4. IRB chairperson's memorandum, "Procedures for the Guideline-Making Process s.65(3) and (4) of the Immigration Act." IRB guidelines were given statutory basis in Canada when amendments to the Immigration Act carne into force on 1 February 1993· 5. Ireland, Refugee Act, 1996; South Africa, Refugees Act, 1998. See Chapter 7 for an analysis of legislation and policy in other countries and regions. 6. Known cases emerged earlier in Canada and other countries but did not gain public visibility or attain the critical mass or influence of the movement studied here. See DeNeef (1984) and Kelson (1997). 7. International refugee law is considered part of the corpus of broader international human rights law. 8. Later chapters document policy attitudes on this issue and public and 270 Notes to Pages 11-33 governmental recognition of movement actors and organizations in driving the policy change. 9. Randy Gordan, assistant to the immigration minister, letter to the ICHRDD, 7 September 1992; Bernard Valcourt, immigration minister, cited in London Free Press, 16 January 1993. 10. Government statements cited in Ottawa Citizen, 25 January 1993. 11. See Chapter 7 for details. 12. In Canada this included new preflight visa requirements, higher fees, and a new, increasingly complicated bureaucratic refugee processing system, as Chapter 4 describes . 13. Among the most influential early works were by Charlesworth, Chinkin, and Wright (1991), on gender bias in international treaties, and Cook (1994), on violence against women as a human rights violation. 14. Marie-Louise Cote, refugee lawyer, quoted in Montreal Gazette, 17 November 1994· 15. Such attention to the neglected national level has been described as a major gap in the study of international relations. 16. Randy Gordan, interview, NOW magazine (Toronto: NOW Communications), 1992. 17. Again, here I refer to domestic human rights developments that explicitly transcend international human rights law (e.g., women's rights as human rights) and not to domestic rights developments that do not explicitly engage with international human rights even though they may set examples that later influence human rights. 18. What some have called "third-wave" feminism covering the period in this book is described as an expansion of feminist space for women not descended from Europeans , East Asians, Arabs, or Jews, and is focused on rallying young feminists. Its roots are in the mid-1980s with feminist leaders from the second wave including women of color, who called for a new race-related subjectivity in feminist voice. 19. Benhabib discusses the thickening of citizenship through international cosmopolitan principles, but underscores the "fraying of state sovereignty" and argues for new international forms of political membership through cosmopolitan federalism that reflects the moral universalism of human rights. 20. The concept of transnational signifying acts that I use here builds on McAdam's (1996) concept of "signifying acts;' the latter not being explicitly international in nature . Chapter 2. Human Rights, Social Movement, and Asylum Seeking 1. Work specifically on the "globalization" of human rights differs from the larger, more diverse body of work on the "internationalization" of human rights. 2. The principle corollaries of states' sovereignty comprise: (1) a jurisdiction, prima facie exclusive...
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