Notes
Notes Prologue 1. Richard D. Peters, ed., The Public Statutes at Large ofthe United States ofAmerica , 106 vols. (Boston: Little and Brown, 1845), ('An Act Authorizing the President of the United States to raise a Provisional Army:' May 28, 1798, 1: 558-61; ('An Act to Provide for the Valuation of Lands and Dwelling Houses and the enumeration of Slaves within the United States:' July 9, 1798, 1: 580-91; ('An Act to Lay and Collect a Direct Tax within the United States:' July 14, 1798, 1: 597-604; «An Act Respecting Alien Enemies;" July 6, 1798, 1: 577; ('An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes Against the United States:' July 14, 1798, 1: 596-97. 2. On the evolution, symbolism, and importance of liberty poles and their use in the American Revolution, see Peter Shaw, American Patriots and the Rituals of the Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 182-84. See also Simon Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997), 172-76; and David Waldestreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776-1820 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997). 3. Deposition of John Romig, January 29, 1799, William Rawle Papers, «Insurrections in Western Pennsylvania:' 2 vols., 2: 10, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. All Fries's Rebellion material is in volume 2. Page numbers will be provided when available, but many documents were inserted after Rawle compiled the original collection and were not paginated. When no pagination exists, I have attempted to record the date of the deposition when possible. 4. Military Abstracts Card File for Revolutionary War, 1775-1783, Active Duty Militia, microfilm 3903, roll 93, Pennsylvania State Archives. 5. German Lutherans and Reformed in Pennsylvania often stood on opposite sides of local, state, and national political issues in the 18th century, partly as a result of their competition for Protestant, German-speaking pastors, who were in short supply, and for the resources of land, buildings, and money that made a parish. Of course there was also a theological divide between Lutheranism and Calvinism. But in the Lehigh Valley, the Protestants were threatened religiously and politically by the sectarians in their midst, especially the Moravians, who sought to take advantage of the Protestants' ministerial shortage and bickering divisions through their own proselytizing. Moravians in Northampton County and English-speaking Quakers in Bucks County also held the most prized county and municipal offices throughout the region. It was in the face of this dual threat that Lehigh Valley Reformed and Lutherans put aside their differences in the 1770s, 1780s, and 1790S to form Union churches and homogenized themselves as Kirchenleute. On these issues, see Kenneth W. Keller, «Diversity and Democracy: Ethnic 204 Notes to Pages 2-6 Politics in Southeastern Pennsylvania, 1788-1799" (Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1971); Keller, Rural Politics and the Collapse of Pennsylvania Federalism (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1982); Laura Becker, "Diversity and Its Significance in an Eighteenth-Century Pennsylvania Town;' in Michael Zuckerman, ed., Friends and Neighbors: Group Life in America's First Plural Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982), 196-221; Charles H. Glatfelter, "The Colonial Pennsylvania German Lutheran and Reformed Clergymen" (Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1952); Benjamin Rush, An Account ofthe Manners ofthe German Inhabitants ofPennsylvania (Philadelphia: Samuel Town, printer, 1875), 45-46; and especially Patricia Bonomi, '''Watchful Against the Sects': Religious Renewal in Pennsylvania German Congregations , 1720-1750;' Pennsylvania History 50 (October 1983); 273-83; Owen S. Ireland, Religion , Ethnicity, and Politics: Ratifying the Constitution in Pennsylvania (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995). 6. On the eighteenth-century German migration to Pennsylvania and North America, see Aaron Fogleman, Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717-1775 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996); and Marianne S. Wokeck, Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999). 7. These statistics were gleaned from United States Direct Tax of1798: Tax Lists for the State of Pennsylvania (Washington, D.C.: National Archives Microfilms Publications , 1962), reels 8,9,10, 12; Bucks County, Pennsylvania, Tax Assessments 1798, Bucks County Historical Society, Doylestown, Pennsylvania; and Pennsylvania Septennial Census 1786, Records of the General Assembly, House of Representatives, Septennial Census Returns, 1779-1863, microfilm, rollI, Pennsylvania State Archives. 8. Terry Bouton, ''A Road Closed: Rural Insurgency in Post-Independence Pennsylvania ;' Journal of American History 87 (December 2000): 855-87...
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