Notes
Notes Introduction: The Jews and the Enlightenment . See Shmuel Feiner, ‘‘Towards a Historical Definition,’’ in New Perspectives on the Haskalah, ed. Feiner and David Sorkin (London, ), –. . See Immanuel Kant, ‘‘What Is Enlightenment?’’ in On History, ed. Lewis W. Beck (New York, ). . See Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, trans. T. Burger (Cambridge, Mass., ); Dena Goodman, The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (Ithaca, N.Y., ); Margaret C. Jacob, Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe (New York, ); Thomas Munck, The Enlightenment: A Comparative Social History, – (London, ). . See Peter Gay, The Enlightenment, an Interpretation: The Rise of Modern Paganism (New York, ); Norman Hampson, The Enlightenment: An Evaluation of Its Assumptions, Attitudes and Values (London, ); Dorinda Outram, The Enlightenment (Cambridge, ). . Isaiah Berlin, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas (Princeton, N.J., ). The classical work on Enlightenment thought is still Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (Princeton, N.J., ). . See Roy Porter, The Enlightenment (London, ). . Robert Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre (New York, ), –. . Voltaire, Candide, Zadig, and Selected Stories, trans. Donald M. Frame (New York, ), chaps. , , . . Kant, ‘‘What Is Enlightenment?’’ On similar trends in German Enlightenment, see David Sorkin, The Berlin Haskalah and German Religious Thought (London, ). . Moses Mendelssohn, Über die Frage: Was heisst aufklaeren?’’ Berlinische Manatsschrift (): –. . See Jacob Katz, From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, – (Cambridge , Mass., ). . See Michael Meyer, The Origins of the Modern Jew: Jewish Identity and European Culture in Germany, – (Detroit, ), –; Shmuel Ettinger, ‘‘The Beginnings of the Change in the Attitude of European Society Toward the Jews,’’ Scripta Hierosolymitana (): –; Jacob Katz, Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background to the Jewish Emancipation, – (Cambridge, Mass., ). . See Shmuel Ettinger, ‘‘Jews and Judaism as Seen by English Deists of the Eighteenth Century,’’ in Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era (Tel-Aviv, ), – (Hebrew); idem, ‘‘The Attitude of the Deists Toward Judaism and Their Influence on the Jews,’’ in History and Historians (Jerusalem, ), – (Hebrew); Katz, From Prejudice to Destruction, –. Notes to Pages – . John Toland, Reasons for Naturalizing the Jews in Great Britain and Ireland . . . Containing also a Defence of the Jews against all Vulgar Prejudices in all Countries (London , ). . Voltaire, ‘‘The Jews,’’ in The Works of Voltaire, trans. William F. Fleming (Akron, Ohio, ), –. See Katz, From Prejudice to Destruction, –; Arthur Hertzberg, The French Enlightenment and the Jews (New York, ); and recently Adam Sutcliffe, Judaism and Enlightenment (Cambridge, ). . Voltaire, Treatise on Tolerance, trans. B. Masters (Cambridge, ), –. . See Richard I. Cohen, ‘‘The Rhetoric of Jewish Emancipation and the Vision of the Future,’’ in The French Revolution and Its Impact, ed. Cohen (Jerusalem, ), – (Hebrew). . See Jacob Katz, ‘‘Kant and Judaism,’’ Tarbiz (): – (Hebrew). . See Yosef Kaplan, An Alternative Path to Modernity: The Sephardi Diaspora in Western Europe (Leiden, ); idem, ‘‘The Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam: From Forced Conversion to a Return to Judaism,’’ Studia Rosenthaliana (): –; idem, ‘‘The Social Function of the Herem in the Portuguese Jewish Community of Amsterdam in the Seventeenth Century,’’ Dutch Jewish History (): –; Yirmiyahu Yovel, Spinoza and Other Heretics (Princeton, N.J., ); Steven Nadler, Spinoza: A Life (Cambridge, ). . See Jacob Katz, Tradition and Crisis (New York, ); Mendel Piekarz, The Beginning of Hasidism: Ideological Trends in Derush and Musar Literature (Jerusalem, ) (Hebrew); Rachel Elior, ‘‘Natan Adler and the Frankfurt Pietists: Pietist Groups in Eastern and Central Europe During the Eighteenth Century,’’ Zion (): – (Hebrew); C. Abramsky, ‘‘The Crisis of Authority Within European Jewry in the Eighteenth Century,’’ in Studies in Jewish Intellectual and Religious History Presented to A. Altmann, ed. S. Stein and R. Löwe (University, Ala., ), –; Azriel Shohet, Changing Eras: The Beginning of the Haskalah Among German Jewry (Jerusalem, ) (Hebrew); Jonathan Israel, European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, – (Oxford, ). . Solomon Maimon, Lebensgeschichte, ed. K. Ph. Moritz (Berlin, –). . See Jacob Katz, ‘‘The Eighteenth Century as a Turning Point of Modern Jewish History,’’ in Vision Confronts Reality, ed. R. Kozodoy and K. Sultanik (New York, ), –. . Katz, Tradition and Crisis; Katz, Out of the Ghetto; Meyer, Origins of the Modern Jew; Raphael Mahler, Chronicles of Jewish History, vol. (Rehavia, ), – (Hebrew), trans. as A History of Modern Jewry (London, ); Michael Graetz, ‘‘The Jewish Enlightenment,’’ in German Jewish History in Modern Times, ed. Michael Meyer, trans. W. Templer (New York, –). . Alexander Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn: A Biographical Study (Philadelphia, ). . Joseph Klausner, History of Modern Hebrew Literature, vol. (Jerusalem, – ) (Hebrew). . See Lois C. Dubin, The Port Jews of Habsburg Trieste: Absolutist Politics and Enlightenment Culture (Stanford, Calif., ); David Fishman, Russia’s First Modern Jews: The Jews of Shklov (New York, ); Ruth Kestenberg-Gladstein, Neuere Geschichte der...
OR
