Notes
Notes Introduction 1. See Frank H. Winter, Prelude to the Space Age—The Rocket Societies: 1924-1940 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983). 2. The term "hard science fiction" denotes a form of science fiction that conforms to the physical laws observed by contemporary scientific knowledge. It is defined in opposition to fantasy, horror, and other subgenres, which imagine emotional or spiritual forces intervening in the operation of physical reality.Writers such as Charles Sheffield, Gregory Benford, and Robert L. Forward (alltrained physicists) argue that hard science fiction is the core that justifies and stabilizes a genre that the public mind all too often confuses with fantasy. Kim Stanley Robinson, restive about the extra-literary policing implied by the term, has argued that it represents more a "hardness of attitude" than any strict adherence to the disciplines of science (Kathryn Cramer and David G. Hartwell, "Kim Stanley Robinson Interview," Readercon 9 Report, ed. Evelyn C. Leeper and Mark R. Leeper, ReaderCon 9 [July 13, 1997 Convention Report] 21 August 2000 ). For more on the history of the term and the controversy that surrounds it, see Hard Science Fiction, ed. George E. Slusser and Eric S. Rabkin (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986) and Allen Steele, "Hard Again," New York Review of Science Fiction 46 (June 1992): 1,3-5. 3. Cramer and Hartwell, "KSR Interview." 4. The classic study of the construction of the west in dime novels is Henry Nash Smith's Virgin Land: The American West as Myth and Symbol (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982[1950]), 90-120. See also Jane Tompkins, West of Everything : The Inner Life of Westerns (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). 5. Peggy Deamer, "TheEveryday and the Utopian," Architecture of the Everyday, ed. Steven Harris and Deborah Berke (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997),215. 6. Howard Segal, Technological Utopianism in American Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985). 7. My argument is influenced by Emily Martin's definition of science as an active matrix that allows for a traffic between its inside and outside. See "Citadels, Rhizomes, and String Figures," Technoscience and Cyberculture, ed. Stanley Aronowitz, Barbara Martinsons, and Michael Menser (New York: Routledge, 1996), 97-109. 8. William Sims Bainbridge, The Spaceflight Revolution: A Sociological Study (Seattle: Universityof Washington Press, 1976). 9. Winter, 13-17. 10. Walter A. McDougall, ". .. the Heavens and the Earth ": A Political History of NOTES TO PAGES 6-10 the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985); Howard E. McCurdy, Space and the American Imagination (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997); Dale Carter, The Final Frontier: The Rise and Fall of the American Rocket State (New York: Verso, 1988). 11. Constance Penley, NASA/Trek: Popular Science and Sex in America (New York: Verso, 1997) and Henry Jenkins, Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture (New York: Routledge, 1992). 12.1 borrow the term "poaching," as does Jenkins, from Michel de Certeau's The Practice of Everyday Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988). His analysis of consumption as a productive activity informs the whole of my argument, as does his insistence that even the most oppressively dominant discourse (he gives the example of the Spanish colonization of the Americas) is vulnerable to appropriation and rearticulation (31-32). 13. Sharon Traweek, "When Eliza Doolittle Studies 'enry 'iggins," Technoscience and Cyberculture, ed. Stanley Aronowitz, Barbara Martinsons, and Michael Menser (New York: Routledge, 1996), 37-55 and Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988); Emily Martin, "Citadels, Rhizomes, and String Figures," Technoscience and Cyberculture, 97-109; and Donna J. Haraway, "Teddy Bear Patriarchy: Taxidermy in the Garden of Eden, New York City, 1908-36," Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (New York: Routledge, 1989), 26-58. 14. Daniel Leonard Bernard!, Star Trek and History: Race-ing Toward a White Future (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1998) and Michael C. Pounds, Race in Space: The Representation of Ethnicity in Star Trek and Star Trek: The Next Generation (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1999). 15. Robert Scholes and Eric S. Rabkin, Science Fiction: History, Science, Vision (London: Oxford University Press, 1977), 188. 16. In The Lathe of Heaven, Ursula K. Le Guin satirizes this desire to create an undivided human race in which "all men are brothers" by briefly turning the entire human race gray (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971). 17. Brian W. Aldiss with David Wingrove, Trillion Year Spree: The...
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