Notes
NOTES CHAPTER 1: OF NIGHTMARES AND CONTACTS 1. "Culture or civilization, taken in its widest ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." (Edward Burnett Tylor, Primitive Culture: Researches into theDevelopment of Mythology, Philosophy , Religion, Language, Art and Custom [London: Murray, 1871].) For Kant's exposition , see his Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, trans. Mary Gregor (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974). 2. Inderjit Singh Jaijee of the Movement Against State Repression, an indigenous human rights group, estimates total casualities at over 100,000. This is the figure typically cited by Khalistanis. 3. There are actuallymultiple committees claimingto lead the separatist movement ; more about this is explained in Chapter 6. 4. Kushwant Singh, My Bleeding Punjab (New Delhi: UBS Publishers, 1992), p. 164. KushwantSingh is a Sikh who thoroughly condemns the militants. 5. Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). 6. Key among these, in chronological order, are Punjab in Crisis: Human Rights in India (NewYork: Asia Watch, 1991); Human Rights Violations in Punjab: Useand Abuse of the Law (London: Amnesty International, 1991); India: Torture, Rape and Deaths in Custody (London: Amnesty International, 1992); An Unnatural Fate: Disappearances and Impunity in Punjab and Kashmir (London: Amnesty International, 1993); Dead Silence: The Legacy of Abuses in Punjab (New York: Human Rights Watch/Physicans for Human Rights, 1994); India: The Terrorism and DisruptiveActivities (Prevention) Act: The Lack of "Scrupulous Care" (London: Amnesty International , 1994); Punjab Police: Beyond the Bounds of Law (London: Amnesty International, 1995). Indian human rights groups such as the People's Union for Civil Liberties, Citizensfor Democracy, and Punjab (later International) Human Rights Organization, and the Movement Against State Repression have also produced reports on specific episodes of abuse; these reports are cited throughout this book. 7.Jeffrey A. Sluka, "Participant Observation in Violent Social Contexts," Human Organization 49, 2 (1992): 114-205; "Reflections on Managing Danger in Fieldwork: Dangerous Anthropology in Belfast," in Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival, ed. Carolyn Nordstrom and Antonius Robben (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 276-294. Others who have written especially effectively on issues that arise when one studies not only victims but also perpetrators are Joseba Zulaika (Basque Violence: Metaphor and Sacrament [Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1988]) and David Lan (Guns and Rain: Guerillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984]). 8. Carolyn Nordstrom and Antonius Robben, "Anthropology and the Ethnography of Violence," in Fieldwork Under Fire, ed. Nordstrom and Robben, pp. 1-24. 9. See Robert Dentan, "Bad Day at Bukit Pekan," AmericanAnthropologist 97, 2 (1995): 225-231. 10. J. Corbin, "The Anthropology of Violence," International Journal of EnvironmentalStudies 10 (1977): 107-111. 11. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. M. Howard and P. Parets (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UniversityPress, 1966). 12. Noam Chomsky, The Culture of Terrorism (Boston: South End Press, 1988). 13. Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War (NewYork: The Free Press, 1991). 14.John Keegan, The Face of Battle.: Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme (New York: Viking, 1976). 15. For example, Carolyn Nordstrom and JoAnn Martin's Paths to Domination, Resistance and Terror (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); Kay Warren's The Violence Within: Cultural and Political Opposition in Divided Nations (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993); Nordstrom and Robben's Fieldwork Under Fire. 16. See Kevin Avruch, ed., Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Conflict Resolution (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991); Alvin Wolfe and Honggang Yang, eds., Anthropological Contributions to Conflict Resolution (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996). 17. Mark Juergensmyer, The New Cold War:Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1993). 18. After Singh, My Bleeding Punjab, p. 53. 19. Sluka, "Managing Danger in Fieldwork," p. 290. 20. Comments offered at the World Sikh Organization convention, Toronto, June 1994. 21. Martin Buber, Between Man and Man (New York: Macmillan, 1965). CHAPTER 2: THE FRAGRANCE OF JASMINE 1. The classic academic view here is that of Khushwant Singh, expressed in his two-volume History of theSikhs (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 19631966 ). Many scholars follow Singh in seeing Sikhism as a merger of the twofaiths. W. H. McLeod, in a competing view, places the origins of Sikhism firmly within the Hindu tradition, broadly defined, as expressed in The Sikhs: History, Religion and Society (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1989...
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