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261 Abimbola, Wande, 124, 136, 188n5 Abiodun, Rowland, 124, 136, 140 Absalom, Absalom (Faulkner), 133–34, 143 Achebe, Chinua, 188n6 Adonis, 16, 17, 53 Africa, 87, 96, 157; as the antithesis of Europe, 186; exploration of, 30; myths/divinities of, 15, 17; origins of hurricanes in, 252; perceptions of in the United States, 73. See also Central Africa; West Africa African American culture/tradition, 3, 14, 19–20, 52, 63, 70, 75, 86; African diasporic tradition/culture, 83, 87; black Atlantic culture, 87; Christian religious culture of, 237, 239; and cultural transformation, 83–84; folk culture, 72, 82–83, 88, 96, 168; the jazz impulse in black culture, 132; and minstrel stereotypes, 72, 73, 82; operatic tradition, 18; oral tradition, 81; southern black culture, 51; and West African Vodun theology, 238–39 African American Pioneers in Anthropology (Mikell), 239 African American women, 14; association of with beasts, 44–45n3; backbreaking labor of in the Caribbean, 32; as “chattel,” 44–45n3; effects of colonialism on, 29; and the empowerment provided by Voodoo, 71–72; erotic energy of, 41, 46n17; and hoodoo , 45n4; as innately subhuman, 32; as sexual objects, 33, 71–72; social powerlessness of, 31; as subhuman “donkeys” (mules), 29, 30, 32, 39–40, 41; view of as apes and orangutans, 30, 30n; view of as sexual beasts, 30–31, 44–45n3; Voodoo as an alternative spiritual model for, 29–30; worship of black women’s sexuality in Voodoo, 37 African American writers/literature, 16, 17–18, 73, 141–42, 237, 239; African American literary theory, 183; and the depiction of the African American lower class, 83; Harlem Renaissance writers and African American culture, 73–74, 188n2; influence of white modernist writers on, 122; influence of Western and Central African religions and Voodoo on, 17–19; theoretical framework for analyzing African American literature, 182; use of African American vernacular by ZNH, 73. See also modernism African Americans: “ancestral” past of, 19, 74, 177; minstrel stereotypes of (“happy darkies”), 72, 73, 85 African diaspora, 15, 19–20, 70, 86, 130, 175, 178, 179, 196, 198, 245; and the concept of the “hidden transcript,” 195; resistive nature of Voodoo in, 194; the West African diaspora, 50, 231 Africanisms in American Culture (J. E. Holloway), 239 Afro-Caribbean cultures, 63 Agwe (lord of the seas), 54 Aida, 11 Ajàálà, 136, 137 Ájé, 157 Alf Pearson (Jonah’s Gourd Vine), 100, 246 All Soul’s Day. See Day of Ghede (Fête Ghede) Altamonte Springs, 10 American Opera and Its Composers (Hipsher), 23n18 Amram, 21n1 Anderson, Sherwood, 122 Index 262 Index Another Country (Baldwin), 123 anthropology, 29, 50, 51, 70, 243, 244, 252 Aphrodite, 16, 17, 53 Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 198 Arada, 178 Arawaks (people of the Caribbean), 5 Archelaus, 21n1 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 6, 234n3 Arthur, Charles, 196 asceticism, Christian, 36 asé (sacred energy), 120, 126, 225 Auden, W. H., 122 Averill, Gage, 195, 196 Awkward, Michael, 83 Ayida Hwedo (Ayida Ouedo), 36, 242 Bahamas, 50, 95, 98, 155, 194, 230; 1929 hurricane in, 154, 234n4 Bahamian folks (in Their Eyes), 146–47 Bahamians, 42, 87, 145; Bahamian songs, 111 Baker, Houston, 45n4, 103, 184, 194 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 124, 126; on Their Eyes as a novel of competing discourses , 184–85 Bakongo people, 5; contribution to the signage of Voudoun, 8 Baldwin, James, 123, 125, 130, 132, 137, 144–45 Baptists, 167–68; preaching tradition of, 51; Southern Baptists, 15, 239, 241, 245 Barber, Karin, 124 Barksdale, Richard, 4 Barnard College, 3, 12, 50, 96, 243 Barnicle, Mary Elizabeth, 21n2 Baron Carrefour (“Lord of the Crossroads ”), 118, 125, 138 Baron Cimetière, 11, 22n8, 222 Baron Samedi, 22n8, 38 Barr, Tina, 17 Barthes, Roland, 176; on the “death of the author” and the “birth of the reader,” 182–83, 187 Bartman, Sarah (the “Hottentot Venus ”), 30–31, 31n, 33, 37 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (Yale University), 9 Bell, Madison Smartt, 193 Beloved (Morrison), 46n10 Benin. See Dahomey (now Benin) Bethel, Lorraine, 89n4 Biassou, Jean, 198, 199 Big Sea, The (Hughes), 239 Big Sweet, 157, 159, 160 bigamy, 57 Black Arts Movement, 19 black Atlantic, 17, 74, 75, 84, 87 Black Atlantic, The (Gilroy), 83 black consciousness, 80, 237 Black-Eyed Susans: Classic Stories by and About Black Women (M. Washington ), 4 Black Feminist Thought (P. Collins), 44–45n3 Black Gods: Orisa Studies in the New World (Edwards), 127 blackness, 19, 85; treatment of in Their Eyes, 78–79 Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience (Snowden), 22n13 blood...

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