The American Revolution and the Press: The Promise of Independence

Notes

205 ] CHAPTER ONE 1. Much of this historiographical discussion first appeared in Carol Sue Humphrey, “The Revolutionary Press: Source of Unity or Division ?” American Journalism 6 (Fall 1989): 245–56. Many thanks to Jim Martin, editor of American Journalism, for permission to use this material. 2. Jeremy Belknap, The History of New-Hampshire 2 (Boston: Printed for the author by I. Thomas and E.T. Andrews, 1791): 327. 3.David Ramsay,The History of theAmerican Revolution 2 (Philadelphia: R. Aitken, 1789): 319. 4. Isaiah Thomas, The History of Printing in America (Worcester, Mass.: Isaiah Thomas, Jr., 1810; reprint, Barre, Mass.: Imprint Society, 1970), 137. 5. Joseph T. Buckingham, Specimens of Newspaper Literature 1 (Boston: C. C. Little and J. Brown, 1850): 192. 6. Frederic Hudson, Journalism in the United States, from 1690 to 1872 (NewYork: Harper and Brothers, 1873), 102; James Melvin Lee, History of American Journalism (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1923), 82–99; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer,Main Currents in the History ofAmerican Journalism (Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1927), 76, 98; and Robert W. Jones, Journalism in the United States (NewYork: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1947), 145. 7. Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History, 1690–1960, 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 107; and “The Newspaper Coverage of Lexington and Concord,”New England Quarterly 16 (December 1944): 489–505. 8. Albert Carlos Bates, “Fighting the Revolution With Printer’s Ink in Connecticut: The Official Printing of that Colony From Lexington to the Declaration,” Papers of the New Haven Colony Historical Society 9 (1918):129–60; Rollo G. Silver, “Government Printing in Massachusetts, 1751–1801,” Studies in Bibliography 16 (1963): 161–200; Rollo G. Silver, NOTES 206 NOTES TO PAGES 10–16 “Aprons Instead of Uniforms: The Practice of Printing, 1776–1787,” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 87 (1977): 111–94; and C. M. Thomas, “The Publication of Newspapers During the American Revolution,” Journalism Quarterly 9 (1932): 373. 9. Jim A. Hart, The Developing Views on the News: Editorial Syndrome, 1500–1800 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1970), 167; and John M. Harrison, “The War of Words: The Role of Our First Editorial Writers in Making a Revolution,” in Newsletters to Newspapers: Eighteenth-Century Journalism, ed.by Donovan H.Bond and W.Reynolds McLeod (Morgantown: School of Journalism, West Virginia University, 1977), 207. 10. Alfred McClung Lee, “Dunlap and Claypoole: Printers and News Merchants of the Revolution,” Journalism Quarterly 11 (1934): 160–78; Sidney I. Pomerantz, “The Patriot Newspaper and the American Revolution ,”in The Era of theAmerican Revolution, ed.Richard B.Morris (New York:Columbia University Press,1939),331;and Robert M.Ours,“James Rivington: Another Viewpoint,” in Bond and McLeod, 230. 11. Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr., “Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act,” New England Quarterly 8 (1935): 63–83; and Prelude to Independence: The Newspaper War on Great Britain, 1764–1776 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958), viii, 285, 287. 12. Philip Davidson, Propaganda in the American Revolution, 1763–1783 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1941), xv, 410. 13. Carl Berger, Broadsides and Bayonets: The Propaganda War of the American Revolution, rev. ed. (San Rafael, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1976 [1961]), 199; Ralph A. Brown, “The Pennsylvania Ledger: Tory News Sheet,” Pennsylvania History 9, (1942): 168–69; Ralph A. Brown, “The Newport Gazette, Tory News Sheet,” Rhode Island History 13 (1954): 97– 108 and 14 (1955):11–20;and Ralph A.Brown,“New Hampshire Editors Win the War,” New England Quarterly 12 (1939): 35–51. 14. Edwin Emery and Michael Emery, The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1988), 47, 58. 15. Robert D. Harlan, “David Hall and the Stamp Act,” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 61 (1967): 13–37; Alfred L. Lorenz, Hugh Gaine:A Colonial Printer-Editor’s Odyssey to Loyalism (Carbondale:South- NOTES TO PAGES 17–21 207 ern Illinois University Press, 1972), 142, 145; Dwight L. Teeter, “John Dunlap: The Political Economy of a Printer’s Success,” Journalism Quarterly 52 (1975): 3–8, 55; William F. Steirer Jr., “A Study in Prudence: Philadelphia’s Revolutionary Journalists,” Journalism History 3 (1976): 16. 16. Robert A. Rutland, The Newsmongers: Journalism in the Life of the Nation, 1690–1972 (New York: The Dial Press, 1973), 34; Susan Henry, “Margaret Draper, Colonial Printer Who Challenged the Patriots,” Journalism History 1 (1974): 141–44; Norma Schneider, “Clementina Rind: ‘Editor, Daughter, Mother, Wife...