Flowering Plants: Pokeweeds, Four-o'clocks, Carpetweeds, Cacti, Purslanes, Goosefoots, Pigweeds, and Pinks

Introduction

Introduction Flowering plants that form two “seed leaves,” or cotyledons, when the seed germinates are called dicotyledons, or dicots. These far exceed the number of species of monocots, or flowering plants that produce a single “seed leaf” upon germination. This is the seventh volume of the Illustrated Flora of Illinois to be devoted to the dicots of Illinois. The system of classification adopted for the Illustrated Flora of Illinois was proposed by Thorne in 1968. This system is a marked departure from the more familiar system of Engler and Prantl. This latter system, which is still followed in many regional floras, is out-of-date and does not reflect the vast information recently gained from the study of cytology, biochemistry, anatomy, and embryology. Since the arrangement of orders and families proposed by Thorne is unfamiliar to many, an outline of the orders and families of flowering plants known to occur in Illinois is presented. In the following list, the names in italics have been described in previous volumes of the Illustrated Flora of Illinois. Those in boldface are described in this volume of the Illustrated Flora of Illinois. Order Annonales Family Magnoliaceae Family Annonaceae Family Calycanthaceae Family Aristolochiaceae Family Lauraceae Family Saururaceae Order Berberidales Family Menispermaceae Family Ranunculaceae Family Berberidaceae Family Papaveraceae Order Nymphaeales Family Nymphaeaceae Family Ceratophyllaceae Order Sarraceniales Family Sarraceniaceae Order Theales Family Aquifoliaceae Family Hypericaceae (called Clusiaceae by Thorne in 1968) Family Elatinaceae Family Ericaceae Order Ebenales 3 Family Ebenaceae Family Styracaceae Family Sapotaceae Order Primulales Family Primulaceae Order Cistales Family Violaceae Family Cistaceae Family Passifloraceae Family Cucurbitaceae Family Loasaceae Order Salicales Family Salicaceae Order Tamaricales Family Tamaricaceae Order Capparidales Family Capparidaceae Family Resedaceae Family Brassicaceae Order Malvales Family Sterculiaceae Family Tiliaceae Family Malvaceae Order Urticales Family Ulmaceae Family Moraceae Family Urticaceae Order Rhamnales Family Rhamnaceae Family Elaeagnaceae Order Euphorbiales Family Thymelaeaceae Family Euphorbiaceae Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Family Convolvulaceae Family Polemoniaceae Order Campanulales Family Campanulaceae Order Santalales Family Celastraceae Family Santalaceae Family Loranthaceae Order Oleales Family Oleaceae Order Geraniales Family Linaceae Family Zygophyllaceae Family Oxalidaceae Family Geraniaceae Family Balsaminaceae Family Polygalaceae Order Rutales Family Rutaceae Family Simaroubaceae Family Anacardiaceae Family Sapindaceae Family Aceraceae Family Hippocastanaceae Family Juglandacese Order Myricales Family Myricaceae Order Chenopodiales Family Phytolaccaceae Family Nyctaginaceae Family Molluginaceae (included in Aizoaceae by Thorne in 1968) Family Cactaceae Family Portulacaceae 4 / flowering plants Family Chenopodiaceae Family Amaranthaceae Family Caryophyllaceae Family Polygonaceae Order Hamamelidales Family Hamamelidaceae Family Platanaceae Order Fagales Family Fagaceae Family Betulaceae Family Corylaceae Order Rosales Family Rosaceae Family Fabaceae Family Crassulaceae Family Saxifragaceae Family Droseraceae Family Staphyleaceae Order Myrtales Family Lythraceae Family Melastomaceae Family Onagraceae Order Gentianales Family Loganiaceae Family Rubiaceae Family Apocynaceae Family Asclepiadaceae (included in Apocynaceae by Thorne in 1968) Family Gentianaceae Family Menyanthaceae Order Bignoniales Family Bignoniaceae Family Martyniaceae Family Scrophulariaceae Family Plantaginaceae Family Orobanchaceae Family Lentibulariacee Family Acanthaceae Order Cornales Family Vitaceae Family Nyssaceae Family Cornaceae Family Haloragidaceae Family Hippuridaceae Family Araliaceae Family Apiaceae (included in Araliaceae by Thorne in 1968) Order Dipsacales Family Caprifoliaceae Family Adoxaceae Family Valerianaceae Family Dipsacaceae Order Lamiales Family Hydrophyllaceae introduction / 5 Family Boraginaceae Family Verbenaceae Family Phrymaceae (included in Verbenaceae by Thorne in 1968) Family Callitrichaceae Family Lamiaceae Order Asterales Family Asteraceae Included in this volume is one order, the Chenopodiales, and eight families. A ninth family in the order, Polygonaceae, appeared in a previous volume in this series. Since only a small number of dicot families are treated in this book, no general key to the dicot families has been provided. The reader is invited to use my companion books, Guide to the Vascular Flora of Illinois (revised and enlarged edition, 1986) and Vascular Flora of Illinois (forthcoming), for keys to all families of flowering plants in Illinois. The nomenclature for the species and lesser taxa used in this volume has been arrived at after lengthy study of recent floras and monographs. Synonyms, with complete author citation, that have applied to species in Illinois are given under each species. A description, while not necessarily intended to be complete, covers the more important features of the species. The common names are the ones used locally in Illinois. The habitat designation is not always the habitat throughout the range of the species but only for the species in Illinois. The overall range for each species is given from the northeastern to the northwestern extremities, south to the southwestern limit, then eastward to the southeastern limit. The range has been compiled...