Chicago's Greatest Year, 1893: The White City and the Birth of a Modern Metropolis

Notes

309 Notes Introduction 1. Stephen Longstreet, Chicago, 1860–1919 (New York: David McKay, 1973), 190. 2. Quoted in Donald L. Miller, City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 516. 3. Henry B. Fuller, “The Upward Movement in Chicago,” Atlantic Monthly, October 1897 (vol. 80, no. 480), 534. 4. Anselm Strauss, Images of the American City (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1961), 20. 5. Julian Ralph, quoted in Bessie Louise Pierce, ed., As Others See Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933), 295. 6. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House (New York: Signet Classics , 1961), 192. 7. Rufus Blanchard, Columbian Memorial Songs, Historical Geography and Maps (Chicago: Blanchard, 1892). 8. R. L. Duffus, writing in the New York Times Magazine, quoted in Pierce, 370. 9. Strauss, 26. 10. Quoted in Pierce, 338–39. 11. There are various rankings of global cities, and Chicago is usually high on the list. For example, in 2008, the journal Foreign Policy listed Chicago as number six in the world (behind New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, and Hong Kong). A lot of these analyses are based on the work of sociologist Saskia Sassen, who places New York, London, and Tokyo as the top three and ranks Chicago in the “second tier” of twenty or so global cities. 12. Quoted in Carl Smith, Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1995), 267. 13. Perry R. Duis, Challenging Chicago (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 49. 14. Lewis Mumford, The City in History (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1961), 531. 15. “Last Words about the World’s Fair,” in Skyscraper: The Search for an American Style, 1891–1941, ed. Roger Shepherd (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003), 35. 16. Strauss, 162. 17. Smith, 212. 310 Notes to Pages 10–24 18. Smith, 216. 19. Quoted in Robert G. Spinney, City of Big Shoulders (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000), 120. 20. See Spiro Kostof, The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings through History (New York: Bullfinch Press, 1993), 75–77. 21. Quoted in Strauss, 12. 22. Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), 196. 23. Quoted in Pierce, 288. 24. Quoted in Pierce, 338. 25. “A City of Vast Enterprise,” New York Times, December 24, 1893. 1. The White City and the Gray City 1. James Fullarton Muirhead, America the Land of Contrasts: A Briton’s View of his American Kin (New York: John Lane, 1911), 205. See also: James Fullarton Muirhead and Karl Baedeker, The United States, with an Excursion into Mexico: Handbook for Travellers (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1899). The section of the guidebook on Chicago has many details on the city of interest to historians—a list of recommended restaurants, for example. 2. Some writers, such as the Chicago novelist Henry Blake Fuller (see chapter 8, “The Birth of Urban Literature”) preferred the term “Black City” as a contrast to the “White City” of the fair, but the idea was the same. See the chapter “The White City and the Black” in Clarence A. Andrews, Chicago in Story: A Literary History (Iowa City: Midwest Heritage, 1982). 3. The article from the Sun, entitled “Bets on the Fair,” was reprinted in the Chicago Tribune, March 1, 1890, 13. 4. “The Would-Be Army of Utah,” Chicago Tribune, April 7, 1858, 2. 5. “We Will Have the Fair,” Chicago Tribune, February 25, 1890, 1. 6. Stanley Appelbaum, The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893: A Photographic Record (New York: Dover, 1980), 5. 7. Bessie Louise Pierce, ed., As Others See Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933), 356–57. For more on William T. Stead, see chapter 13, “Reforming Chicago.” 8. A good way to get a sense of how visitors viewed the fair is to look at some contemporary works of fiction that related the adventures of rural Americans who came to Chicago in 1893. Two such are Marietta Holley, Samantha at the World’s Fair (New York: Funk and Wagnall’s, 1893) and C. M. Stevens, The Adventures of Uncle Jeremiah and Family at the Great Fair (Chicago: Laird and Lee, 1893). The common reactions were of awe and pride, with a good dose of rural-urban culture clash. 9. Quoted in Donald L. Miller, City of the Century (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 495. 10. Pierce, 251. 11. Pierce, 232, 382...