NOTES
NOTES I N T R O D U C T I O N 1. Frederick Douglass, "Emancipation Proclaimed," DouglassMonthly, October 1862, reprinted in Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings, ed. Philip S. Foner and Yuval Taylor (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1995), 517-518. 2. Richmond Enquirer, quoted in Abraham Lincoln: APress Portrait, ed. Herbert Mitgang (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970. 314-315. 3. Francis B. Carpenter, SixMonthsat the White House:The Story of a Picture (New York: Hurd & Houghton, 1866), 12, 25; see John Hope Franklin, TheEmancipation Proclamation (Garden City, NY:Doubleday, 1962). An earlier book by historian Charles Eberstadt focused only on the recorded reprints of the proclamation itself; see Eberstadt, Lincoln's EmancipationProclamation (New York: privately printed, 1950). 4. Lerone Bennett Jr., Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream (Chicago: Johnson Publishing, 2000), 9,15. 5. Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation:The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 248-249; Michael Lind, What Lincoln Believed: The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President (New York: Doubleday, 2005), 15,38,191-222. IMAGINED PROMISES, BITTER R E A L I T I E S (EDNA G R E E N E MEDFORD) 1. B. P. Butler to His ExcellencyThomas H. Hicks, April 23,1861, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 vols. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), ser. 2,1:750. Hereafter this cite is referred to as 0. R. 2. Benj. F.Butler to Lieut. Gen. Winfield Scott, May 24,1861, 0. R., ser. 2,1:752. The names of the three men are mentioned in TheNegro in Virginia, compiled by workers of the Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Virginia (1940; reprint, Winston-Salem, NC: John F.Blair, Publisher, 1994), 210. 3. James McPherson, one of the chief proponents of the "Great Emancipator" view, argues that "careful leadership and timing" enabled Lincoln to win the war and secure the freedom of the slaves. See Drawnwith the Sword:Re/lections on the American Civil War (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1996). In a recent variation on this view, see Allen Guelzo, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004). Guelzo suggests that the president moved consistently towards emancipation from the very beginning of his tenure. Prudence required him to seek a legal remedy that would stand up in federal court. The self-emancipation thesis is proposed by Barbara Jeanne Fields in "Who Freed the Slaves?" in Geoffrey C. Ward,with Ric Burns and Ken Burns,eds., The Civil War: AnIllustrated History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 178-181; and Vincent Harding, There is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom inAmerica (New York: Vintage Books, 1981), 231-237. Ira Berlin's essay, "Who Freed the Slaves? Emancipation and Its Meaning," in Union and Emancipation:EssaysonPoliticsand Racein the Civil WarEra, ed. DavidW.Blight and Brooks D. Simpson (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1997), 105-121, argues that no single person or group can take credit for emancipation; both Lincolnand the enslaved played vital roles, as did others. In a recent book that directly challenges Lincoln's motivations for issuing the proclamation , Lerone Bennett sees the president as a white supremacist whose proclamation was a "ploy... to keep as manyslaves as possible in slaveryuntil Lincolncould mobilize support for his conservative plan to free Blacksgradually and to ship them out of the country." See Forced into Glory:Abraham Lincoln's White Dream (Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company, 2000), 10. 4. It is a point Lincolnwould make when in August 1862 he spoke to a delegation ofblack men whom he had invited to the White House with the object of encouraging colonization. Lincoln suggested that "on this broad continent, not a single man 142 Notes to Pages 3-7 of your race is made the equal of a single man of ours." See "Address on Colonization to a Delegation of Negroes," in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8 vols., ed. RoyP.Easier (New Brunswick,NJ: RutgersUniversity Press, 1953),5:370-375.Hereafter this cite is referred to as Collected Works. 5. Althoughthe Northwest Ordinance abolished slavery in the Northwest Territory (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,Michigan, and Wisconsin) in 1787,loopholes in the law permitted the continuing enslavement of blacks in some areas, including Lincoln's ownIllinois. 6. FrederickDouglass,"The Meaningof July Fourth for the Negro,"speech at Rochester,New York, July...
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