The Republic of Men: Gender and the Political Parties in Interwar France

Notes

223 NOTES acronyms AD—Alliance démocratique AF—Action française ARD—Alliance républicaine démocratique CdF—Croix de feu CGT—Confédération générale du travail (public sector union) CGTU—Confédération générale du travail unitaire (Communist offshoot of the CGT) FR—Fédération républicaine FST— Fédération sportive du travail (Communist sporting organization) JFdF—Jeunes filles de France (Communist girls’ organization) JFF—Jeunes filles françaises (PPF girls’ organization) JGS—Jeunes gardes Socialistes LRN—Ligue républicaine nationale (Alexandre Millerand’s league) PCF—Section française de l’internationale communiste (French Communist Party) PDP—Parti démocrate populaire PPF—Parti populaire français PSF—Parti social français SFIO—Section française de l’internationale ouvrière (French Socialist Party) UFCS—Union féminine civique et sociale (PDP women’s organization) UNVF—Union nationale pour le vote des femmes UPJF—Union populaire de la jeunesse française (PPF youth group) introduction 1. Président du conseil refers to the first minister of the government. 2. Benjamin F. Martin, France and the Après-Guerre, 1918–1924: Illusions and Disillusionment (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 16–17. 3. For an examination of the Republic’s attempt to reintegrate Alsace post-1918, particularly Alsatian women, see Elizabeth Vlossak, Marianne or Germania? Nationalizing Women in Alsace, 1870–1946 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 168–252. 4. Président de la chambre means speaker of the house, in this case, the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies. 224 NOTES TO PAGES 2–5 5. “Communication du gouvernement,” Journal officiel de la République française. Débats parlementaires. Chambre des députés [hereafter Journal officiel, Chambre], November 11, 1918, 2298–3000. For the similar discussion in the Senate, see “Allocutions de M. le président du sénat et de M. le président du conseil. Ministre de la guerre,” Journal officiel de la République française. Débats parlementaires. Sénat [hereafter Journal officiel, Sénat], November 11, 1918, 741. Italics in original. 6. Avner Ben-Amos demonstrates in his study of French state funerals that “great men” displaced monarchs as the symbols of the nation under the Republic. These men, because they had theoretically attained their status through merit, held out the promise to other male citizens that they too could achieve greatness and thus immortality, thereby building republican consensus and national cohesion: Avner Ben-Amos, Funerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789–1996 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 22–23. 7. Deschanel and Clemenceau had in fact dueled in the 1890s, when Clemenceau, the superior swordsman, roundly defeated his opponent but satisfied himself with a nick above Deschanel ’s eye: Martin, France and the Après-Guerre, 14. 8. This phrase is actually borrowed from Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980). 9. Joan B. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988), and Visualizing the Nation: Gender, Representation, and Revolution in Eighteenth-Century France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), 135–68. 10. Judith Surkis, Sexing the Citizen: Morality and Masculinity in France, 1870–1920 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006); Patricia A. Tilburg, Colette’s Republic: Work, Gender, and Popular Culture in France, 1870–1914 (New York: Berghahn, 2010), 23–74. See also Judith Stone, “Republican Ideology, Gender, and Class: France, 1860s–1914,” in Gender and Class in Modern Europe , ed. Laura L. Frader and Sonya O. Rose (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), 238–59. 11. For relational feminism, see Karen Offen, “Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach,” Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14, no. 1 (Autumn 1988): 135. For a sample of Offen’s work on relational feminists, see Karen Offen, “Ernest Legouvé and the Doctrine of ‘Equality in Difference’ for Women: A Case Study of Male Feminism in NineteenthCentury French Thought,” Journal of Modern History 58, no. 2 (June 1986): 452–84, “Depopulation , Nationalism, and Feminism in Fin-de-Siecle France,” American Historical Review 89, no. 3 (June 1984): 648–76, and “Body Politics: Women, Work and the Politics of Motherhood in France, 1920–1950,” in Maternity and Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States, 1880s–1950s, ed. Gisela Bock and Pat Thane (New York: Routledge, 1991), 138–59...