Irish Catholic Writers and the Invention of the American South

Notes

281 notes chapter 1 1. The South Carolina priest William Tobin a"ributed the quotation to John Boyle O’Reilly, but it most likely is derived from the satiric verses of Calvin Brannigan’s “The Gathering of the ScotchIrish Clans”: “And we’ll join in jubilation for the thing that we are not; / For we say we aren’t Irish, and God knows we aren’t Scot!” The verses offer an amusing commentary on the dilemmas of misty sectional identity, both Irish and American, and the various societies that play them up. In the Scots-Irish-dominated South, and coming from Father Tobin’s tongue, the verses take on yet another register. See Leyburn, Scotch-Irish 333–34. 2. Cobb, Lost Irish Tribes 3. 3. Ibid. 5. 4. Cobb, Exit Laughing 19. 5. Ibid. 25. 6. Cobb, Lost Irish Tribes 5. 7. For Jackson, see Virginia Journal 2.64 (21 Apr. 1785): 3; for Lougherey, see ibid. 2.67 (12 May 1785): 3. 8. See, for example, Charleston City [SC] Gazee 6.855 (26 Jan. 1788): 3. 9. Duncan, “Servitude and Slavery” 52, 56. 10. Meaders, Dead or Alive 39. 11. K. Miller, “‘Scotch-Irish,’ ‘Black Irish’” 238. 12. K. Miller, Irish Immigrants 103. 13. For an interesting recent study, see Bornstein, Colors of Zion. See also Giemza, “Turned Inside Out.” 14. “Irvin Cobb Lauds Race.” 15. R. Watson, Normans and Saxons 86–87. Celt, of course, is a catchall term for the British Other and was applied freely to the Scots and Welsh as well. 16. Southern Literary Messenger 31 (Nov. 1860): 345–47. 17. R. Watson, Normans and Saxons 87. 18. Cobb, Lost Irish Tribes 7. 19. O’Hara, Hibernian Society 93–95, 112. 20. Mencken, Prejudices 76. 21. “Irvin Cobb’s Stories,” New York Times 11 June 1933. 22. See introduction to K. Kenny, American Irish. 23. A binary model of Irish history establishes a paradigm of antagonism, as Kerby Miller has observed: in the one column are those described as Catholic, Gaelic, Nationalist, and “Irish”; in the other, Protestant, English/Sco"ish, Unionist, and “British.” See K. Miller, “Ulster Presbyterians.” 282 Notes to Pages 6–15 24. K. Miller, “‘Scotch-Irish’ Myths” 81. 25. Powell, “North Carolina” 698. Scotch-Irish is Connor’s term. 26. James Webb’s popular book on this topic, Born Fighting, gives a la"er-day view of the Scots-Irish rampant. 27. K. Miller, Irish Immigrants 461. 28. Here and elsewhere, I refer to Native Americans according to their preference, confirmed by census data, to be called “Indians.” I generally refer to African Americans as “blacks” for similar reasons, and with the caveat that these terms of convenience, like those used to classify the Irish, are not terribly descriptive and not infrequently misleading. 29. Niehaus, Irish in New Orleans 125; O’Brien, Conjectures of Order 2:285. 30. K. Kenny, American Irish 2–3. 31. Wade, “A United Kingdom? Maybe.” 32. Condon, Irish Race in America 9. The book includes chapters on the Irish in Maryland and in the South. I am indebted to Maura Burns for sharing it with me. 33. Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color 49. 34. Ryan, “Thoughts in Solitude.” 35. Tinling, Correspondence of the Three William Byrds 2:493. 36. K. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles 147. 37. Reed, Minding the South 254. 38. David Doyle, Ireland, Irishmen 51–76. 39. K. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles 14–17. 40. John O’Rawe, Charleston, SC, to Mr. and Mrs. Brian O’Rawe, Ireland, 1 Apr. 1809, Manuscripts , South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia. 41. Paul Muldoon, “Promises, Promises,” Why Brownlee Le 24. The collection Madoc: A Mystery and the poem “Sir Walter” evince the poet’s wide-ranging interest in Walter Raleigh and English experiments in colonization. 42. According to the historian Jason Silverman in “Irish.” 43. K. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles 140. 44. See Woods, History of the Catholic Church 347; the percentages of Irish-born are derived from table 10.1 on that page, reprinted as table 1 in the current volume. 45. Ibid. 347. 46. Ibid. 349. 47. Griffin, “Irish Migration to the Colonial South.” 48. “Books: Scholar in America.” 49. Coakley, Rev. of Foreigners in the Confederacy 75. 50. Lonn, Foreigners in the Confederacy 210. Lonn meticulously combed through muster rolls, leading her to conclude that “a Cuban or a Peruvian is less striking than an Egyptian or Syrian” and to notice that “several of the West...