Index Abbott, Edwin A., 155–56 abolitionism, 28–29. See also slavery “Address to the Inhabitants at Concord, at the Consecration of Sleepy Hollow” (Emerson), 209n10 advertising, 110–11 “After Apple-Picking” (Frost), 5, 180n13 “Aftermath” (Longfellow), 15–16, 159, 218n54 Aftermath of Writing after the Minister, 4, 5–6, 14–19, 73, 180n13 Agamben, Giorgio, 173 Alcott, Bronson, 78, 183n35, 197n50 American Renaissance, 3, 18, 22, 24, 95, 105, 128–29, 186n56, 186–88n58, 208nn4–5 “American Scholar, The” (Emerson), 27, 117–19, 206n40 Anderson, Quentin, 1, 138 antinomianism, 98, 100 antislavery movement. See abolitionism; slavery architecture, 102–4, 163–64, 202n22 Arnold, Matthew, 131, 160 Arsić, Branka, 196n44, 207n43 atheism, 45–46, 51–52, 54, 69 Atkinson, Brooks, 205n38 Atlantic, 6 Auerbach, Erich, 152 Auster, Paul, 114 authorship. See literature Baker, Carlos, 78 Barish, Evelyn, 182n25 Bartleby (Melville), 145 Battle-Pieces (Melville), 185n53 Baym, Nina, 204n32, 212n31, 221–22n63 “Beauty” (Emerson), 64, 66 “Behavior” (Emerson), 27, 63, 64, 66, 190n11, 196–97n48 Behdad, Ali, 219n59 belief. See faith Bellows, Henry Whitney, 147 Bercovitch, Sacvan, 98, 99, 201n18 Berthold, Dennis, 135–37, 151, 152, 153, 222–23n70 Betrothed, The (Manzoni), 49–50, 192–93nn26–27 Bezanson, Walter, 151, 161, 164, 167, 210n16, 216n49 Bible. See Scriptures Billy Budd (Melville), 33, 175, 176, 180n6 Biographical Stories for Children (Hawthorne), 202n28 “Birth-Mark, The” (Hawthorne), 113 Bishop, Jonathan, 62, 188n3, 191n20 Blithedale Romance (Hawthorne), 200n10 Bloom, Harold, 5, 34, 180n10, 206n40 Böhme, Jacob, 38 Bothie of Toper-na-Fuosich (Clough), 166 Bowen, Merlin, 217n50 Braswell, William, 207n4 Bridge, Horatio, 109 Brodhead, Richard, 109, 128 Brooks, Joanna, x, 181n19, 187–88n58 Brooks, Van Wyck, 186n56 Brown, John, 210–11n16 Brown, Lee Rust, 122, 206–7n42 Browne, Sir Thomas, 185n53 Brownson, Orestes, 18 Bruster, Douglas, ix Bryant, John, 217–18n53 Budick, Emily Miller, 98, 99, 201n18 Buell, Lawrence, x, 11, 61, 153, 163, 183n35, 188n2 Burr, Aaron, Jr., 4, 180n7 Burton, Robert, 11 248 index Cabot, James Elliot, 62 Cadava, Eduardo, 180–81n16 caesura, 146, 156–57, 166, 168–71, 173–74, 219n55, 222n67 Cagidemetrio, Alide, 106–7, 123 Calvin, John, 47 Calvinism, 8, 32, 160, 180n14 Cambridge Handbook of American Literature, 186–87n58 Cameron, Sharon, 207n43 Cannon, Agnes Dicken, 160 Carlyle, Thomas, 62 Carton, Evan, 211n16 Castiglia, Christopher, 221n63 Catholicism, 18, 100 Chai, Leon, 207n42 Channing, William Ellery, 8, 23, 60, 197n50 “Character” (Emerson), 192n25 Charvat, William, 22, 30, 92, 189n4, 191n14, 200n12 Chauncy, Charles, 8, 181–82n21 “Chiefly about War Matters” (Hawthorne), 200n10 Christianity. See Calvinism; God; Jesus Christ; Puritanism; religion Church of the Disciples, 18 “Circles” (Emerson), 57–60 Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land (Melville): and Abbott’s Flatland, 155–56; circular movement of, 132, 136, 137, 155; “cloister” imagery of, 17, 184n52; critique of America in, 211n20; and Dante’s Divine Comedy, 151–55, 209n11; date of writing of, 3; doubt-faith dialectic in, 130–31, 141–45, 149–51, 156, 174–76, 184–85n53, 212n31, 223n70; and Emerson’s Conduct of Life, 138, 148; and Emerson’s “Duties of Men of Thought,” 139, 140–41; and Emerson’s “Experience,” 136–38, 147–48, 156, 214n34; Epilogue in, 145–49, 152–53, 156, 161, 162, 172–76, 209n11, 212n31, 214n36, 214n38, 216n50; final cantos of, 145; freedom-fate dialectic in, 146; funeral procession in, 167–68; and Hawthorne’s Elixir of Life, 130–32; and Hawthorne’s Marble Faun, 133; Holy Land as setting of, 129, 156–57; loss and grief in, 137–38, 147–48; meaning for name “Clarel,” 129–30; and Melville’s pilgrimage to Holy Land, 17, 132–33, 167, 219–20nn58–59; narrator in, 131, 132, 145, 146, 148, 162, 209n11; ocean metaphor in, 132, 136, 140, 152–53, 155, 174; orientalism in, 219–20nn59–60; Palm of Mar Saba in, 161, 161–64, 217n50, 217n53; petition-without-reply in, 165–66, 168–69; poetic method of, 130–31, 134–35, 138, 139, 146–47, 150–51, 154, 156–74, 209n12, 212n26, 214n36, 218–19nn54–56, 222n67; and poetics of dying and death, 160–65, 167–69, 216–17n50; and poetics of silence, 156–72, 216n48; on progress of pilgrimage as winning, 148–49, 214nn34–35; publication costs for, 177; publication date of, 3, 6, 133; reference to Psalms in, 169, 220n61; on Reformation, 41; retrospective quality of, 13, 18–19; reviews of, 134–35, 166, 219n56; scholarship on, 134–36, 138, 141, 145, 146, 150–51, 209n11, 210–11n16, 211n18, 211n20, 212–13nn31–32, 221–22n63; on science, ix...