Notes
207 Notes Abbreviations Used in the Notes AP: Associated Press, a news wire service CR: Congressional Record CSM: Christian Science Monitor (published in Boston) CT: Chicago Tribune HC: Hartford Courant LAT: Los Angeles Times NYT: New York Times WP: Washington Post WSJ: Wall Street Journal Preface 1. Lee, First Presidential Communications Agency; Winkler, Politics of Propaganda. 2. A recent article indicated some ongoing interest in the short-lived agency, but a comprehensive book-length academic biography of OFF has yet to be written (Girona and Xifra, “Office of Facts and Figures”). 3. Lee, “Origins of the Epithet.” 4. Catton, War Lords. 5. Earlier in 1941, Horton had assigned Catton to be Nelson’s personal public information officer while still part of Horton’s agency. Nelson was presumably Catton’s main source for the story. Nelson and Catton worked so well together before and during the war that Catton later helped ghostwrite Nelson’s memoir, before writing his own (Arsenal of Democracy, xviii). While helping with Nelson’s book, Catton would have access to Nelson’s appointment calendar, which would have listed the correct date. 6. Catton, War Lords, 9. Knox was not talking out of school or giving these VIPs any secret information. In the Navy’s routine annual report for FY1941, which was released on December 6, 1941, the day before Pearl Harbor, Knox wrote that “the American people may feel fully confident in their Navy. . . . On any comparable basis, the United States Navy is second to none” (“Navy Is Superior to Any, says Knox,” NYT, [December 7, 1941], 1). 7. Catton, 10, 12, emphasis in original. 208 Notes to Pages xiii–5 8. Catton to Horton, October 6, 1948. Folder: Correspondence, 1948, 1949, 1952, Box 9, Bruce Catton Collection, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming. 9. Catton, 181, emphasis added. Another indication of the power of this storytelling is that a third party chose to include it in a volume of Catton’s best writings (Jensen, Bruce Catton’s America, 205–7). 10. Downing, Sealing Their Fate, 279–80; Halper, “Supermarket Use,” 458–59 (misquoting Catton’s wrong date); Ketchum, Borrowed Years, 724–25; Lobdell, “Frank Knox,” 706. In general, Catton’s book has been widely cited in the historical literature and accepted as authoritative, despite its lack of documentation, melodramatic storytelling, and overt author bias (Lee, “Origins of the Epithet,” 392–93). 11. Diary of Henry Wallace, January 18, 1935–September 19, 1946, Reel 1, Volume 12, November 28, 1941–Friday, Papers of Henry Wallace. 12. Lee, Congress vs. the Bureaucracy. 13. Richard Ketchum, “Interview with Robert Wyman Horton,” December 30, 1987, 5–6. Papers of Richard Ketchum. 14. Shesol, Supreme Power, 235–36. Introduction 1. Brewer, Why America Fights, 4; Ellul, Propaganda; Walton, Media Argumentation, chap. 3. The origin of the word was religious, as in “propagating the faith.” 2. Fellows, “‘Propaganda,’” 186; Sproule, Propaganda and Democracy, 224. 3. Fulbright, Pentagon Propaganda, 9. 4. Berry, Voice for Nonprofits, 51–52. 5. Safire, Safire’s Political Dictionary, 581–82. 6. Okrent, Rise and Fall of Prohibition, 59, 100, emphasis added. 7. Jackson, “Earned Media,” 112. 8. In something of a double standard, especially during the Cold War, Congress permitted, even encouraged, federal agencies to engage in propaganda aimed at foreign audiences. 9. Lee, “Congressional Controversy”; “Case Study of Congressional Hostility.” 10. Kosar, “Executive Branch and Propaganda”; Lee, Congress vs. the Bureaucracy. 11. Friel, “Toot Your Horn.” 12. Weiss, “Public Information.” 13. Kumar, Managing the President’s Message. 14. Maltese, Spin Control. 15. Axelrod, Selling the Great War; Winkler, Politics of Propaganda. 16. Rich, Greatest Story Ever Sold. 17. Besides the sources already cited, other references since 1980 (i.e., at least twenty-five years after the war): Bird and Rubenstein, Design for Victory, 24, 29, 35, 66; Kennett, For the Duration, 104–5; Koppes and Black, Hollywood Goes to War, 52; Shale, Donald Duck Joins Up, 22; Steele, Propaganda in an Open Society, 73–74; and “Great Debate,” 71; Troy, Donovan and the CIA, 121; Winfield, FDR and the News Media, 157–58. 18. Lee, Congress, chap. 1. 209 Notes to Pages 7–11 19. Lamme and Russell, “Removing the Spin.” 20. Allison, “Public and Private Management.” 21. Friedrich and Cole, Responsible Bureaucracy, 26; Plant, “Carl J. Friedrich,” 474. 22. Lee, “Intersectoral Differences.” 23. Lee, Neeley, and Stewart, Practice of Government Public Relations; Lee, “Return of Public Relations.” 24. US DOI, Priorities and Defense, 18; organization chart, Victory 3:4 (January 27, 1942): 5. Archival references to...
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