Defying Disfranchisement: Black Voting Rights Activism in the Jim Crow South, 1890-1908

Notes

Notes abbreviations AAC Afro-American Council AC Atlanta Constitution ADAH Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery ASC Alabama Supreme Court BAH Birmingham Age-Herald BDL Birmingham Daily Ledger BG Boston Guardian BTW Booker T. Washington BTWPH The Booker T. Washington Papers, ed. Louis R. Harlan BTWPLC Papers of Booker T. Washington, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress CDO Charlotte Daily Observer CG Cleveland (Ohio) Gazette CMSAA Colored Men’s Suffrage Association of Alabama CS State (Columbia, S.C.) FC Fourth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeal JDCL Jackson (Miss.) Daily Clarion-Ledger MA Montgomery Advertiser MCA Memphis Commercial Appeal MDAH Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson MDR Mobile Daily Register MJ Montgomery Journal MSC Mississippi Supreme Court NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NARA National Archives and Records Administration NDD Natchez (Miss.) Daily Democrat NGP Nathan Goff Papers, West Virginia University, Morgantown NODP New Orleans Daily Picayune NODS New Orleans Daily States 267 268 Notes to Pages 2–3 NOTD New Orleans Times-Democrat NYT New York Times OPCDC Orleans Parish Civil District Court OPCDCR Records of the Orleans Parish Civil District Court, New Orleans Public Library PQD Political Questions Doctrine Proceedings Official Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Alabama, May 21st 1901, to September 3rd, 1901 (Wetumpka, Ala.: Wetumpka Printing, 1941) RASC Records of the Alabama Supreme Court RBUSSC Records and Briefs of the United States Supreme Court RFC Records of the Fourth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeal RMSC Records of the Mississippi Supreme Court RNO Raleigh News and Observer RP Richmond Planet RUSDC Records of the United States District Courts SFC San Francisco Call SPA St. Paul Appeal ST Savannah Tribune SWCA New Orleans Southwestern Christian Advocate USCCDSC United States Circuit Court for the District of South Carolina USCCEDL United States Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana USCCEDT United States Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee USCCEDV United States Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Virginia USCCMDA United States Circuit Court for the Middle District of Alabama USCCWDNC United States Circuit Court for the Western District of North Carolina WB Washington Bee WCA Washington Colored American WP Washington Post prologue 1. Giles v. Harris, 189 U.S. 475 (1903). 2. BG, 2 May 1903; “The Alabama Decision,” Colored American Magazine 6 July 1903, 536; Richard Pildes, “Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon,” Constitutional Commentary 17, no. 2 (Summer 2000): 296. 3. Indianapolis Freeman, 2 May 1903; Indianapolis Freeman, 9 May 1903. 4. Algernon Sidney Crapsey, A Constitutional Defense of the Negro: By Algernon Sidney Notes to Pages 4–8 269 Crapsey; delivered at a mass meeting of citizens in the Metropolitan A.M.E. Church, Washington, D.C., December 15, 1901 (Washington, D.C.: A. S. Crapsey, 1901), 7; Alexander A. Walters, “Civil and Political Status of the Negro,” in Proceedings of the National Negro Conference, 1909 (New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1969), 172. 5. Francis J. Grimké, “The Negro and His Citizenship,” in The Negro and the Elective Franchise, ed. Archibald Grimké, Charles C. Cook, John Hope, John L. Love, Kelly Miller, and Francis J. Grimké, Occasional Papers no. 11, American Negro Academy (Washington, D.C.: American Negro Academy, 1905), 82–83. 6. Archibald H. Grimké, “Why Disfranchisement Is Bad,” Atlantic Monthly 44, no. 1061 (July 1904): 75, 76; John Hope, “The Negro Vote in the States Whose Constitutions Have Not Been Specifically Revised,” in Grimké et al., Negro and the Elective Franchise, 60. 7. Neil R. McMillen, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow (Champaign : University of Illinois Press, 1990), 285; J. W. Hood, “The Enfranchisement of the Negro No Blunder,” Independent 55, no. 2856 (27 August 1903): 2024. 8. Washington’s address was published in the Cleveland (Ohio) Journal, 12 December 1903; Oswald Garrison Villard, “The Need of Organization,” in Proceedings of the National Negro Conference, 1909 (New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1969): 203–4. 9. Thurgood Marshall, foreword to J. Clay Smith’s Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844–1944 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), xi. 10. See, for example, Gilbert Jonas, Freedom’s Sword: The NAACP and the Struggle Against Racism in America, 1909–1969 (New York: Routledge, 2005); Warren D. St. James, NAACP: Triumphs of a Pressure Group, 1909–1980 (Smithtown, N.Y.: Exposition Press, 1980); Robert L. Jack, History of the...