Notes
257 Notes Introduction 1. Gail O’Brien, The Color of the Law: Race, Violence, and Justice in the Post–World War II South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 143; Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Making of American Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Frank Donner, Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); Kenneth Kusmer, “African-Americans in the City Since World War II: From the Industrial Era to the Post-Industrial Era,” Journal of Urban History vol. 21, no. 4 (May 1995): 458–504; Raymond Mohl, “The Transformation of Urban America Since the Second World War,” in Essays on Sunbelt Cities and Recent Urban America, ed. Raymond Mohl, Robert Fairbanks, and Kathleen Underwood (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1990). Since African Americans knew that filing a formal complaint against white officers would prove fruitless, they instead went to local civil rights offices for help. After receiving a complaint, the local organization would then contact the local black press and the story would often be in the next issue of the paper. For good studies that look at the nascent conservative ideology among whites during the postwar period, see Kevin Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Southern Conservatism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), and Matthew Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005). 2. O’Brien, The Color of the Law, p. 251. 3. The following community studies mention the fractured relationship between the police and African Americans and for the most part they note that the race riots of the 1960s were triggered by police brutality: Thurgood Marshall, “The Gestapo in Detroit,” Crisis 50 (August 1943): 232–247; Karl Johnson, “Police-Black Community Relations in Post-War Philadelphia: Race and Criminalization in Urban Social Space, 1945–1960,” Journal of African-American History 89, no. 2 (March 2005): 118–135; Matthew Countryman, Up South: Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005); Heather Thompson , “Rethinking the Collapse of Postwar Liberalism: The Rise of Mayor Coleman Young and the Politics of Race in Detroit,” in African-American Mayors: Race, Politics, and the American City, ed. David Colburn and Jeffrey Adler (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), pp. 227, 230–231; Heather Thompson, Whose Detroit? Politics, Labor, and Race in a Modern American City 258 Notes to Pages 4–7 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004); Ronald H. Bayor, Race and the Shaping of Twentieth Century Atlanta (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 177–184; Leonard Moore, Carl B. Stokes and the Rise of Black Political Power (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002); Robert O. Self, American Babylon: Race and The Struggle for Postwar Oakland (Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2005); Chris Romberg, No There There: Race, Class, and Political Community in Oakland (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004); James B. Lane, “Black Power and its Limits: Gary Mayor Richard B. Hatcher’s Administration, 1968–1989,” in African-American Mayors: Race, Politics and the American City, ed. David Colburn and Jeffrey Adler (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), p. 73; Gerald Horne, The Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 1995); Raphael Sonenshein , Politics in Black and White: Race and Power in Los Angeles (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Kamozi Woodard, A Nation Within a Nation: Amiri Baraka and Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), pp. 78, 258. For a discussion on the relationship between local police and the Mexican American community, see Edward Escobar, Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Identity: Mexican Americans and the LAPD, 1900–1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). 4. For a good discussion of these relationships between city hall and black political organizations , see Arnold Hirsch, “Simply a Matter of Black and White: The Transformation of Race and Politics in Twentieth Century New Orleans,” in Creole New Orleans: Race and Americanization , ed. Arnold Hirsch and Joseph Logsdon (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), pp. 262–319. 5. For a good discussion on this brand of leadership, see Charles Payne, I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Black Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995). 6. U.S. Department of Justice–Civil Rights Division, Study on Police Department Complaints 1984–1990 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992); “Cops or Criminals,” A&E Investigative...
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