Index
253 INDEX Adams, E. C. L., 39, 173 Afonso I (1506–1543), king of Kongo, 89, 93, 176; and the transatlantic slave trade, 28, 29; conversion and rise to power, 46–49; attacks on indigenous African religion, 51, 153 African Atlantic, 15–18; and African diaspora , 5, 15–16, 8, 25, 202n60; and specter of death, 188 Africanisms, 6, 7, 9 African religions: derided as superstition, 22, 59, 119; and European ethnocentrism , 22, 106 Alvaro II (1587–1614), king of Kongo, 49, 153 Alvaro III (1615–1622), king of Kongo, 151, 229n26 Alvaro IV (1631–1636), 152 Anansi, 20 Andrew, James, 71 Angola: Portuguese colony in, 30; and slave trade, 32–34; and Gullah, 38; and Battle of Mbwila, 55; and Christianity, 75, 86–87 Angola Amy, 24 Bantu, 10 Baptist Church: slave conversion to, 32, 71; condemnation of slavery by, 71; and dearth of missionaries in Lowcountry, 75; appeal to slaves, 77 Beatriz, Dona (Kimpa Vita), 60–64, 65, 78, 80, 85, 86, 93; as St. Anthony, 60–61; and Kimpasi ritual, 79; and the cross, 88, 89, 116; political aims of, 102 Black Thunder (Bontemps), 135 Brazil: and Candomblé, 7; and Africanisms , 9; and the African Atlantic, 17, 188; conjure and witchcraft in, 86–87, 117, 118, 122, 223n78, 226n165 Brookes (slave ship), 157, 159 Brown, Simon, 96, 99 Brown, Sterling, 40 Brown, William Wells, 142 Bryan, Andrew, 71, 74 Butler, Jon 8, 138, 210n55 Candle Walk, 191–192 Candomblé, 7, 188 Cannibalism, 2; as metaphor for slave trade, 156, 157, 229n46 Capers, William, 72 Capucin missionaries: service in Kongo, 50, 52; and baptism, 52, 53, 54 Catholicism: and Africanisms, 6, 7; and King Afonso, 45–47, 49; as a royal cult, 51; and baptism, 52, 53; and conversion, 58, 59; and Dona Beatriz, 61; and Stono Rebellion, 68–70; traces of, among Lowcountry slaves, 74–76, 183; and the African Atlantic, 87; and Lowcountry blacks’ attendance of Catholic churches, 75 Caul, 129 Charleston, South Carolina, 3, 38, 74, 89, 144; as slave port, 24, 31, 32, 35; and 1833 cholera outbreak, 73; Catholicism in, 75; and Denmark Vesey, 140. See also Lowcountry Index 254 Chittampi ritual, 147 Christianity baptism: and death, 18, 83, 84, 89; and reverence for water, 43; and salt, 52; Capucin missionaries and, 52–55; as social leveler, 56; as ritual protection, 56, 57; and Dona Beatriz, 61; and the Middle Passage, 64; as social event in Lowcountry, 77; as vehicle for Africanisms , 77, 79; and color symbolism, 82; and spiritual ecstasy, 42–43, 93; Doris Ulmann’s photographs of, 104 missionaries: planter opposition to, 21, 72, 73, 213n121, 213n125, 213n132, 213n133; in Kongo, 49, 52; and the Middle Passage, 64, 65; differences between Catholic and Protestant, 69; dearth of, among slaves, 71; and George Whitefield and the Great Awakening, 74; and impediments to religious instruction, 74; and Baptists , 79 and slave resistance, 99, 102 as tool of social control, 67, 72, 215n169 Conjure: as resistance, 14; and death, 19; and excommunication, 55; in Brazil, 87; and fetish, 105; and conjure bags, 119, 120, 123; and use of bottles, 120, 121–122, 124, 133, 134; and wanga, 126; as challenge to medical establishment, 138–139; and death, 163–164 Conjure doctors. See Root doctors Creolization, 3, 8–9, 186, 193 Cross: and King Afonso, 47, 48, 210n85; multiple understandings of, 54, 88, 90, 92; and Dona Beatriz, 61–62; Kongolese notions of, 62; and Mafuta, 63; and Kimpasi ritual, 80; and slave baptism, 88; and Kongo cosmogram, 89; and Harriet Powers, 89; and nganga, 113; and crucifix, 116; in slave conjure, 121; and nkisi, 151 Cugoano, Quobona Ottobah, 156 Cymbee. See Simbi DaCaltanisetta, Luca: and opposition to indigenous Kongo religion, 51, 115, 148–150; and Kongolese notions of baptism , 52, 56 Da Gallo, Bernardo: thoughts of, on Christianity in Kongo, 53, 57, 59; and Dona Beatriz, 61; and Mafuta, 63; and Chittampi ritual, 147 Dance, 2, 8, 21; as resistance, 14, 29, 166, 168; Christian opposition to, 68; and Stono Rebellion, 68; and religious expression of slaves, 93, 96, 97, 98; and Frantz Fanon, 100; and nkisi, 121, 122; and funerary ritual, 147, 168–169; as Africanism, 185, 187. See also Ring shout Dapper, Olfert, 107, 113, 116, 133 Death, 19–20, 21; and slave baptism, 18; and Kongolese life cycle, 62; buzzards and owls as omens of, 173–175; and African Atlantic, 187–188; and Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., 188 De Geel, Georges, 108–109 De Lucques, Laurent: and Dona...
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