Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

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RITUALS of RESISTANCE RITUALS of RESISTANCE AFRICAN ATLANTIC RELIGION IN KONGO AND THE LOWCOUNTRY SOUTH IN THE ERA OF SLAVERY JASON R. YOUNG Louisiana State University Press Baton Rouge Published by Louisiana State University Press Copyright © 2007 by Louisiana State University Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Louisiana Paperback Edition, 2011 Designer: Laura Roubique Gleason Typeface: Minion Pro Typesetter: Newgen–Austin Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Young, Jason R. Rituals of resistance : African Atlantic religion in Kongo and the lowcountry South in the era of slavery / Jason R. Young p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8071-3279-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Africans—South Carolina—Religion. 2. Africans—Georgia—Religion. 3. Congo (Democratic Republic)—Religion. 4. America—Civilization—African influences. 5. African diaspora. 6. Africans—Migrations. I. Title. br563.n4y683 2007 305.896'009—dc22 2007006809 ISBN 978-0-8071-3719-2 (paper : alk. paper) The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. ∞ Dedicated to The Butterfly who, like Icarus, ventured too close to a burning sun who, like the Ibos, returned home and to The Beautiful Ones Not Yet Born This page intentionally left blank ...