Notes
Notes INTRODUCTION 1. George B. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945 (Baton Rouge, 1967), 263–66. There are several good histories of the development of higher education in the United States, but they focus heavily on northern institutions. See, for example, Frederick Rudolph, The American College and University: A History (Athens, GA, 1990) and Laurence R. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago, 1965). John R. Thelin’s excellent A History of American Higher Education (Baltimore, 2004) covers southern developments much more thoroughly. 2. The development of graduate studies is discussed in Richard Storr, The Beginnings of Graduate Education in America (Chicago, 1953). Paul Conkin’s Gone with the Ivy: A Biography of Vanderbilt University (Knoxville, TN, 1985) is an excellent study of Vanderbilt’s evolution. John P. Dyer, Tulane: The Biography of a University, 1834–1965 (New York, 1966) gives a good overview of the development of Tulane but lacks the interpretive vigor of Conkin’s study. Similarly, Thomas H. English, Emory University, 1915–1965: A Semicentennial History (Atlanta, 1966) provides reliable information but li le interpretation. 3. There is no comprehensive work on the impact of the cold war and McCarthyism on universities in the South. Ellen W. Schrecker touches on some southern schools, particularly Tulane, in No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities (New York, 1986), 242–44. Clarence Mohr and Joseph Gordon, Tulane: The Emergence of a Modern University, 1945–1980 (Baton Rouge, 2000), chapter 2, contains a thorough analysis of right-wing a acks on Tulane and the response of the administration. Paul Conkin, in Gone with the Ivy, 502–14, has a very good discussion of the problem of academic freedom in an era of political hysteria. Conkin makes clear the identi fication in many southern minds of “Communism” with anything they didn’t like, including efforts to bring about any semblance of racial equality. 4. On the rapid transformation of the region a er World War II see Numan V. Bartley, The New South, 1945–1980 (Baton Rouge, 1995); Morton Sosna, “More Important than the Civil War? The Impact of World War II on the South,” in Perspectives on the American South: An Annual Review of Society, Politics, and Culture, ed. James C. Cobb and Charles R. Wilson (New York, 1987), 145–61; James C. Cobb, The Selling of the South: The Southern Crusade for Industrial Development, 1936–1980 (Baton Rouge, 1982); and Bruce J. Schulman, From Co on Belt to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South, 1938–1990 (New York, 1991). 5. Graduate education in the South was still woefully inadequate compared to other regions . The Carnegie Foundation calculated that in 1950 in the eastern region, with a population of 44,900,000, there were 2,932 earned doctorates awarded. In the Midwest, with 40,000,000 people, there were 2,317 doctorates awarded. In the South, with a population of 31,800,000, only 317 doctorates were earned. This state of affairs provides part of the explanation for the high level of major philanthropic interest in southern higher education throughout the 1950s. See the Annual Report of the President of Tulane University, 1950–51 (New Orleans, 1951), p. 47, and President’s Report to the Board, December 11, 1951, University Archives, Special Collections, Howard-Tilton Library, Tulane University. Notes to Pages 3–12 242 6. On the changes that swept through the southern universities, see Clarence Mohr, “World War II and the Transformation of Southern Higher Education,” in Remaking Dixie: The Impact of World War II on the American South, ed. Neil R. McMillen (Jackson, MS, 1997), 33–55; Bartley, New South, 152–54. An excellent undergraduate honors thesis is Jeanne E. Stevens, “The Impacts of World War II on Duke University” (Duke University, 1991). On the profound transformation of Stanford University, see Rebecca S. Lowen, Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford (Berkeley, CA, 1997). 7. The “outside” pressures were not always a simple product of commitment to American ideals, however. Not only were motivations complex, but the very notion that the South existed as a region apart, deviant and problematic, is a complicated one with a long history. A series of recent essays that suggests some of this intricacy is Larry J. Griffin and Don Doyle, eds., The South as an American Problem (Athens, GA, 1995). On the rise of new pressure on racial issues during the early part of this period see John Egerton...
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