Index
245 Adams, George W., 167 Adams, Richard, 87, 101 Adkins, William, 144 African Americans (free): 4, 7, 13, 36, 68, 111–112, 131, 156–157, 168, 169, 173–174, 190–191, 195, 197, 201–202, 202–203, 211; as artisans, 127, 132, 135–136; as barbers, 136–138, 203; attempts to remove from Virginia, 107–108, 146–147; benevolent aid of, 133–134, 154–155; businesses owned by, 132–133, 134, 143, 203; carrying trade and, 133, 208; and competition with white labor, 106–108, 112, 128, 135, 152–153, 185–186, 192, 194; importance to the economy, 34, 130, 145; in the North, 9, 141, 191–192; legal rights and restrictions of, 130–131, 138, 139–141, 202; and mulattoes, 128, 136, 137–138, 140; occupations of, 98, 129, 132–133, 134, 136–138, 139, 140, 142, 160, 202; Petersburg population of, 33–34, 127–128, 129–130, 215; slave ownership by, 146–150; unskilled, 98, 127–128, 132 African Baptist Church, 146 Albright, Isaac, 151 Alley, H. T., 76 Alley, Martin, 87 Alley, Thomas, 63 American Colonization Society, 46 American Constellation (Petersburg), 78 Apothecaries, 73, 94, 163, 204, 217, 221, 224 Appomattox Canal, 21–22, 27, 199, 207 Appomattox Iron Works, 32 Appomattox Manor, 15, 28, 84–85 Appomattox River, 1, 12, 21–22, 25, 31, 51, 58, 84, 85, 113, 132, 135, 165, 172, 208, 212 Apprentices: 47, 49–50, 51, 52, 66, 75, 76, 77, 101, 110, 141, 148, 178, 183, 201; African American, 81, 134, 142, 143, 144; bound to factories, 81; and changes in the apprenticeship system, 76–81; female, 81; in print shops, 79–80; poor relief and, 80–81 Archer, Alfred, 111 Archer, Allen, 47, 64, 167, 184 Archer, Fletcher H., 204 Archer Rifles (Company K, Twelfth Va. Infantry), 204, 205 Armory Works (Richmond, Va.), 164 Army Medical Corps, 207 Army of Northern Virginia, 205 Artisans: downward mobility of, 8, 186–188; European , 82; Fourth of July and, 176, 183–184; immigrant, 71, 95–96, 97–104; investment in industry and internal improvements, 57–60; involvement in local politics, 48, 54–56, 104–106, 109, 182, 210; northern, 86–87, 99, 178, 188–189, 197; occupations of, 37–38, 41, 43; persistence rates of, 86–91; producer ideology of, 48–49; property ownership of, 88–89; racially mixed workshops of, 142–143, 150, 202; and relationship to the hinterland, 10, 38, 81–86, 145; republicanism of, 2, 49, 66, 107, 112, 176–181, 185–186, 200; slavery and, 9–10, 92–96, 109, 147–149, 176–177, 190–191; upward mobility of, 8, 40, 56–60, 180–182. See also Apprentices; Journeymen Artisanal societies, 8, 40. See also Petersburg Benevolent Mechanic Society (PBMA); Petersburg Mechanic Association (PMA) Athens, Ga., 97 Atkinson, Jedediah T., 48 Atwill, Major John D., 74 Augusta County, Va., 6 Index 246 index Augusta, Ga., 179 Auter, Munroe, 138 Ayers, Edward L., 6, 11 Badger, Edwin H. (E. H.), 63, 84 Badger, William, 47 Bakers, 41, 73, 143 Baltimore, Md., 50, 82, 98, 102, 104, 129, 131, 146, 154, 179, 199 Banks, A. D., 98, 103, 104, 138 Banks and banking: 182; credit for artisans, 63–64, 165 Barbers, 1, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144, 149, 151, 155, 157, 203, 223, 229 Barbour, Mordecai, 25 Baton Rouge, La., 97, 225, 226 Battersea Manufacturing Company, 26 Baxter, Alexander, 205 Beasley, William, 206 Bell, Fielding, 184 Bell, John, 11, 203 Beneficial Society of Free Men of Color of the City of Petersburg and State of Virginia, 154–156, 157 Benevolent Order of Bereans, 103 Berlin, Ira, 130, 147 Bermuda Hundred, 145 Berry, John, 138 Biddle and McIlwaine (tobacconists), 161 Birchett, Albert, 66 Birchett, Monroe L., 66, 68, 113, 150 Birchett, Richard, 55 Birchett, William, 83 Bird, Henry D., 73 Black church (importance of), 133–134, 173–174 Blacksmiths, 1, 31–32, 37, 41, 43, 48, 72, 74, 82, 85, 87, 94, 108, 132, 134, 136, 147–148, 159, 165–166, 184, 186–187, 195, 196, 201, 203, 217, 219, 222, 224, 227, 229 Blandford, 14, 64, 133, 135, 171, 172, 173 Blandford Cemetery, 37, 65, 144 Blankenship, Radford, 63 Blanks, Henry, 204, 207, 211 Bledsoe, E. T., 133 Blick, Nathaniel J., Jr., 91 Blick, Robert, 78–79 Blockade (of Confederate ports), 206, 207, 209 Blow, William, 170 Bolling, Robert, 13, 146 Book binders, 32, 38, 74, 83 Booker, John, 147 Bosses, 40, 74, 187, 200 Bowie, James, 101 Bowman, Abel, 77 Bragg, Joseph, 60 Bragg, Tom, 159, 174–175...
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