A Generation Removed: The Fostering and Adoption of Indigenous Children in the Postwar World

Index

343 Index Page numbers in italic indicate illustrations. aacp. See American Academy of Child Psychiatry (aacp) aaia. See Association on American Indian Affairs (aaia) aal (Australian Aborigines’ League), 223–24 Aboriginal Child Care Agency (acca), 241– 43, 244, 246, 247–48. See also Aboriginal Child Placement Agency (acpa) Aboriginal Child Placement Agency (acpa), 235–37, 241. See also Aboriginal Child Care Agency (acca) Aboriginal Legal Service, 225, 233, 255, 256 Aboriginal Task Force, 235 Aborigines Progressive Association, 224 Aborigines Protection Board, 223–24 Aborigines Welfare Board, 253–54 Abourezk, James, 92, 138, 147, 148–49, 151, 152 abuse: in adoptive families, 261–62; as child removal criteria, 82. See also neglect acca. See Aboriginal Child Care Agency (acca) acpa. See Aboriginal Child Placement Agency (acpa) activism: in Canada, 184–89, 194, 203– 4, 208–10; in United States, 97–102, 105, 128, 129. See also child welfare reform movements Adams, Howard, 188, 192–93 adopted children (American Indian): effects of removal on, 259–63; recovery and reunification, 263–64 adopted children (Australian Aboriginal ): effects of removal on, 259–63; loss of identity, 214, 232–34; Russell Moore case, 251–52, 253–57, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265 adopted children (Canadian Indigenous): effects of removal on, 259–63. See also aim (Adopt Indian Métis) program adoption (American Indian): Baby Veronica case, xxiii–xxiv, xxvii; closed nature of, 84–85, 132; consent forms, 73, 74, 75; correlation with foster care, 90–91; cost benefits of, 6, 15–17, 19; increased emphasis on, 16– 18; increased interest in, 60–64; influence of termination policy on, 31–32; John’s story, 67–68; justifications for, 25, 54, 59–60; legal issues surrounding , 18; long-term effects of, 143–44; 344 | index adoption (American Indian) (cont.) social workers’ use of pressure in, 72– 77; statistics, 20, 22, 148–49; through lds Social Services, 88; voluntary relinquishment cases, 77. See also Indian Adoption Project (iap) adoption (Australian Aboriginal): increases in, 216–18; opposition to, 228–29; placement breakdowns, 213– 14, 232–34; statistics, 229 adoption (Canadian Indigenous): advertising campaigns, 177–81, 190; cost benefits of, 179; Indigenous criticism of, 200, 203; permanency of, 202; statistics , 181; transnational placements, 181–82. See also aim (Adopt Indian Métis) program Adoption Resource Exchange of North America (arena). See arena (Adoption Resource Exchange of North America) Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (2013), xxiii–xxiv, xxvii, 270, 277n2 adoptive families (American): abuse in, 261–62; Dana’s story, 33–35; governmental protection of, 29–30; increased interest in Indian children, 17–18; motivations of, 38, 60–61, 62– 64; opposition to icwa, 153; role in cultural identity loss, 143–44, 262–63; in support of icwa, 154–55 adoptive families (Australian): motivations of, 218–22; returning children, 232–33; working with activists, 237–38 adoptive families (Canadian), 177–81 advertising campaigns: by aim program, 177–81, 190; in Australia, 217; by iap, 48–49, 60; opposition to, 201, 204, 309n64 afsc (American Friends Service Committee ), 46, 268–69 Ahenakew, David, 208 aicpdp (American Indian Child Placement Development Program), 117 aim (Adopt Indian Métis) program: advertising campaigns, 177–81, 190; creation of, 176–77; name changes, 189, 190; opposition to, 188–90, 309n64; statistics, 181; transnational placements, 181–82. See also reach (Resources for Adoption of Children) program Alaska Natives, 13, 293n40 Alberts, Alvina, 101, 102 alcoholism, 3–4, 54–55, 279n1 Allen, Helen, 181 Allen, Perry, 88 Alonzo, John J., 112 Alovia, Barbara, 105 Altvater, Denise, 268–69 American Academy of Child Psychiatry (aacp): 1974 congressional hearings, 139, 142–45; Bottle Hollow conference , 115; Warm Springs seminar, 159– 61; work with activists, 128, 137–38 American Friends Service Committee (afsc), 46, 268–69 American Indian Child Placement Development Program (aicpdp), 117 American Indian Family Defense Project (aaia), 105 American Indian Policy Review Commission , 147 Anderson, Kim, 110 arena (Adoption Resource Exchange of North America), 20, 48–49, 50, 60, 181–82 Arrowsmith, Jacquelyne, 156 index | 345 assimilation policies: in Australia, 216, 222, 225; boarding schools and, 5–7; in Canada, 172; family models and, 26; resistance to, xxxiv–xxxv; settler colonial focus, xxxii–xxxiii, 258–59; through adoption, 19. See also relocation programs; termination policies Association of American Indian and Alaskan Native Social Workers, 114 Association on American Indian Affairs (aaia): Biltmore conference (1974), 133–37; Brokenleg case, xxv–xxvi; confronting the crisis, 98, 102...