The Awakening Coast: An Anthology of Moravian Writings from Mosquitia and Eastern Nicaragua, 1849-1899

Notes

Notes Abbreviations co: Colonial Office fo: Foreign Office nmhd: Eleonore von Oertzen, Lioba Rossbach, and Volker Wünderrich, eds. The Nicaraguan Mosquitia in Historical Documents, 1844–1927: The Dynamics of Ethnic and Regional History. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1990. rg: Record Group tna: The National Archives, Kew Gardens, London usna: United States National Archives, Washington dc Introduction 1. J. E. Hutton, A History of Moravian Missions (London: Moravian Publication Office, 1922), 334. 2. “Letter from Br. Martin, Blewfields, May 2, 1881,” Periodical Accounts 32 (1881): 74. 3. “Letter from Br. Martin, Bluefields, Aug. 9, 1881,” The Moravian 27, no. 10 (1881): 154. 4. Christian August Martin, “Dreissig Jahre Praktische Missionarbeit in Moskito von 1859–90,” in Moskito: Zur Erinnerung an die Feier des Fünfzigjährigen Bestehens der Mission der Brüdergemeine in Mittel-Amerika, ed. Hermann G. Schneider (Herrnhut, 1899), 209. 5. U.S. consul Braida wrote in 1892 that the Moravians had 4,553 people under their care, a number that likely included day-school pupils as well as new converts since 1890. Consul Braida to Asst. Sec. of State, San Juan del Norte, June 28, 1892, usna, rg 59, t-348, roll 10. 6. Moravian Church, Moravian Daily Texts (Bethlehem: n.p., 1985), 70. These figures do not include congregations in the Mosquitia region of Honduras that were initiated in the early twentieth century by missionaries in Nicaragua. 7. Susan Hawley, “Protestantism and Indigenous Mobilisation: The Moravian Church among the Miskitu Indians of Nicaragua,” Journal of Latin American Studies 29 (1997): 122. Although the Miskitu spell their name with a “u” today, for the sake of consistency we have elected to use the most common nineteenth-century Englishand German-language spelling, “Miskito.” 378 | Notes to pages 3–6 8. Reynaldo Reyes, with J. K. Wilson and Tod Sloan, Ráfaga: The Life Story of a Nicaraguan Miskito Comandante (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992), 19. 9. Daniel Novack, “With Water Brought from God: Commodities, Consciousness and Religious Conversion in Nineteenth-Century Mosquitia,” Working Papers no. 6 (Chicago: Center for Latin American Studies, 2000), 3. 10. A few of the many works that take this general view include Jaime Wheelock Román, “Introducción,” in La Mosquitia en la Revolución, ed. ciera (Centro de Investigaci ón y Estudios de la Reforma Agraria) (Managua, 1981), 9–13; Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz, “Indigenous Rights and Regional Autonomy in Revolutionary Nicaragua,” Latin American Perspectives 14, no. 1 (1984): 43–66; Jorge Jenkins Molieri, El desafío indígena en Nicaragua: El caso de los Mískitos (Managua: Editorial Vanguardia, 1986); Carlos M. Vilas, Del colonialismo a la autonomia: Modernización capitalista y revolución social en la Costa Atlántica (Managua: Nueva Nicaragua, 1990). 11. Charles R. Hale, Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894–1987 (Stanford: University of Stanford Press, 1994), esp. 15–28. See also Philippe Bourgois, “The Miskitu of Nicaragua: Politicized Ethnicity,” Anthropology Today 2, no. 2 (1986): 4–10. 12. Works that historicize mission activities include Lioba Rossbach, “La evangelización Protestante en la Costa Atlántica de Nicaragua: La Iglesia Morava de 1849 a 1894” (PhD diss., University of Hanover, 1986); Lioba Rossbach, “‘. . . die armen wilden Indianer mit dem Evangelium bekannt machen’: Die Herrnhutter Brüdergemeine an der Mosquito-Küste im 19. Jahrhundert,” in Mosquitia: Die andere Hälfte Nicaraguas: Über Geschichte und Gegenwart der Atlantikküste, ed. Klaus Meschkat et al. (Hamburg: Junius, 1987), 65–97; Claudia Garcia, The Making of the Miskitu People of Nicaragua: The Social Construction of Ethnic Identity (Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University, 1996); Susan Hawley, “Does God Speak Miskitu? The Bible and Ethnic Identity among the Miskitu of Nicaragua,” in Ethnicity and the Bible, ed. Mark G. Brett (Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1996), 316–42. 13. Norman Etherington, ed., Missions and Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). 14. Robert W. Hefner, “Introduction: World Building and the Rationality of Conversion ,” in Conversion to Christianity: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives on a Great Transformation, ed. Robert W. Hefner (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 17. 15. Hefner, “Introduction,” 18–19. 16. Throughout the anthology we cite both series using the shortened title Periodical Accounts. 17. Our collection benefits from and complements the volume edited by three German scholars in the 1980s, Eleonore von Oertzen, Lioba Rossbach, and Volker Wünderrich, eds., The Nicaraguan Mosquitia in Historical Documents, 1844–1927: Notes to pages 6–10 | 379 The Dynamics...