French Colonialism Unmasked: The Vichy Years in French West Africa

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 [First Page] [191], (1) Lines: 0 to 9 ——— 4.02701pt ——— Normal Page PgEnds: TEX [191], (1) Notes Introduction 1. Bara Diouf, b. 1931, interview, Dakar, 14 Feb. 2001. 2. Jennings, Vichy in the Tropics. 3. Cantier, L’Algérie; Levisse-Touzé, L’Afrique du Nord; Akpo-Vaché, L’aof. Michel Abitbol discusses North Africa under Vichy in relation to the Jewish population; see Les juifs. 4. Only recently a special issue of Outre-mers was entitled “Vichy and Its Colonies.” Two articles in this volume deal with fwa, but both limit themselves to specific issues: Pierre Ramognino dwells upon the tools of repression used by the regime in West Africa, especially against the French enemies of the National Revolution, and Vincent Joly discusses the military effort in French Sudan between 1940 and 1942. See Ramognino, “Le pétainisme”; Joly, “ ‘Se defender contre quiconque?’ ” 5. Akpo-Vaché, L’aof, 156–57. 6. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize. 7. Ten people were interviewed. Most of them belonged to the Western-educated elite, although none was a French citizen. All except one lived in Dakar during the war. Part 1. FWA and Its Place in the Vichy Colonial Idea 1. Qtd. in La Légion, Aug. 1940. 1. Setting the Stage for Vichy 1. For an overview of the variety of peoples and cultures in this vast region, see Conklin, A Mission to Civilize, 25–30. 2. The colonial council in 1920 replaced the general council (conseil général), which included twenty members chosen by the African citizens of the four communes of Senegal. The colonial council included forty-four members; eighteen of them represented the citizens, and twenty-six were chosen by canton or province chiefs who were not citizens. The chiefs received precise orders from the colonial administration with regard to their voting, and thus the administration could control the council. See Morgenthau, Political Parties, 127. 3. During the Vichy period Upper Volta was part of Côte d’Ivoire. It became a separate territory again in 1946. 4. Morgenthau, Political Parties, 1. 5. Johnson, “African Political Activity,” 542. 6. Morgenthau, Political Parties, 125. 7. Cohen, “Colonial Policy of the Popular Front,” 368. 8. Lydon, “Women, Children,” 171. 192 Notes to Pages 4–13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 [192], Lines: ——— 3.0pt ——— Normal PgEnds: [192], 9. Coquery-Vidrovitch, “The Popular Front,” 155. 10. Coquery-Vidrovitch, “The Popular Front,” 157–58. 11. This project, which aimed to prepare the land of the Niger Delta for the cultivation of rice and cotton, is discussed in detail in chapter 5. 12. Lydon, “Women, Children,” 171–73. 13. Lydon, “Women, Children,” 182. 14. Coquery-Vidrovitch, “The Popular Front,” 163. 15. Lydon, “Women, Children,” 183. 16. Person, “Le front populaire au Sénégal,” 93. 17. Person, “Le front populaire au Sénégal,” 90–92. 18. This congress, further discussed in chapter 10, was assembled by De Gaulle with the aim of planning reforms in the colonial system that would allow the empire to stay intact. 19. Echenberg, Colonial Conscripts, 88. For an example of the methods by which Africans were recruited at the beginning of the war, see Joly, “La mobilisation au Soudan.” On the propaganda used to recruit soldiers, see Echenberg, “Morts pour la France,” 365–68. 20. Akpo-Vaché, L’aof, 24. 21. Crowder, Colonial West Africa, 272. 22. Crowder, Colonial West Africa, 28–33. 23. Hitchcock, “Pierre Boisson,” 309–10. 24. Paxton, Vichy France, 43. 25. Hitchcock, “Pierre Boisson,” 317. 26. Lanne, “Chad, the Chadians,” 312; Thomas, The French Empire at War, 49–65. 27. Suret-Canale, Afrique noire, 577. On the deterioration of Anglo-French relations in this period, see Thomas, “The Anglo-French Divorce.” 28. Diouf, interview. 29. Boubacar Ly, b. 1936, interview, Dakar, 16 Feb. 2001. Bara Diouf also mentioned seeing the plane that was shot down by the battleship Richelieu. 30. Loucou, “La deuxième guerre mondiale,” 184. 31. Hitchcock, “Pierre Boisson,” 318. 2. “A Source of Pride and Greatness” 1. Ageron, “Vichy, les Français et l’empire...