Black Mayors, White Majorities: The Balancing Act of Racial Politics

Notes

255 NOTES Preface 1. R. Perry, “Introduction.” 2. Moore, Carl B. Stokes and the Rise of Black Political Power, 5. 3. Thompson, Double Trouble, 132. 4. Quoted in H. Perry, Race, Politics and Governance in the United States, 6. 5. Quoted in Foeman, “An Interracial Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Central-City Mayors during the Urban Transition of the 1980s,” 86. Introduction 1. Haynie, African Americans Legislators. 2. See DeLeon,”Research Methods.” 3. King, Keohane, and Verba, Designing Social Inquiry, 44. 4. I define “black interests” as issues of relevance to the black community . I recognize the growing diversity among blacks, and it is therefore difficult to define “black interests.” Yet at the same time I make some important assumptions because there are certain policies and programs politicians may pursue that are in the interest of blacks. Therefore , I have taken into account objective measures of social and economic disparities between blacks and whites to define black interests . Some issues that blacks deem relevant are also of interest to other communities. However, for blacks these issues are of special relevance, given the intensity of black preferences. See Gamble, “Black Political Representation.” Also see Cohen, The Boundaries of Blackness; Reed, Class Notes; and Young, Inclusion and Democracy. 5. See, for example, Gamble, “Black Political Representation,” and Haynie, African American Legislators. 6. See, for example, Russ Bynum, “Nation’s 478 Black Mayors Hail Progress : More Minority Leaders in Mostly White Cities,” Associated Press, March 10, 2001. 256 NOTES TO PAGES xxiii–xxviii 7. See, for example, Gillespie, The New Black Politician. 8. Orey, “Deracialization or Racialization.” 9. Gillespie, Whose Black Politics? 10. Gillespie: “Meet the New Class,” and The New Black Politician. 11. McCormick and Jones, “The Conceptualization of Deracialization,” 76. 12. See R. Perry, 21st Century Urban Race Politics. Also see Burnside and Rodriquez, “Like Father, Like Son?” and A. King, Shaw, and Spence, “Hype, Hip-Hop, and Heartbreak.” 13. Franklin, “Situational Deracialization.” 14. Hajnal, Changing White Attitudes. 15. McCormick and Jones, “The Conceptualization of Deracialization,” 76. 16. McCormick and Jones, “The Conceptualization of Deracialization,” 72. 17. J. Wilson, Negro Politics. 18. Cunnigen, “Black Leadership in the Twenty-First Century”; Nelson, “Black Mayoral Leadership in the Twenty-First Century”; and Franklin , “Situational Deracialization.” 19. Hajnal, Changing White Attitudes, 160. 20. It is important to acknowledge that “active pursuit” does not equal influence or necessarily tell us about outcomes. Nevertheless, evidence of active pursuit provides insight into how active black mayors are in the governing process inside their administrations and on which issues. Furthermore, an examination of differences in mayors’ actions in terms of levels of active pursuit, given unique governmental structures, provides new evidence about black mayors’ policy and program priorities on issues relevant to their black residents and helps to provide a more thorough understanding of mayoral constraints and how black interests are represented in non-majorityblack urban contexts. 21. Moore, Carl B. Stokes and the Rise of Black Political Power, 191. 22. Lane, “Black Political Power and Its Limits,” 61. 23. Curvin, “Black Power in City Hall,” 56. 24. Biles, “Mayor David Dinkins and the Politics of Race in New York City,” 141. 25. Biles, “Mayor David Dinkins and the Politics of Race in New York City,” 141. 26. Reed, “The Black Urban Regime.” 27. Nelson, “Black Mayoral Leadership in the Twenty-First Century,” 3. 28. Preston, “Big City Black Mayors,” 131. 29. Quoted in Bayor, “African-American Mayors and Governance in Atlanta ,” 181. 30. Nelson and Meranto, Electing Black Mayors, 339. NOTES TO PAGES xxix–xxxii 257 31. See Frey: “A Pivotal Decade,” “Melting Pot Cities and Suburbs,” “America’s Diverse Future,” and “Diversity Spreads Out”; and Frasure , “Beyond the Myth of the White Middle Class.” 32. See, for example, Sabrina Tavernise, “A Population Change, Uneasily ,” New York Times, July 17, 2011; Judy Keen, “Blacks’ Exodus Reshapes Cities, USA Today, May 19, 2011; “Gentrification Changing Face of New Atlanta,” New York Times, March 11, 2006; “New York City Losing Blacks, Census Shows,” New York Times, April 3, 2006; “Blacks Say Life in Los Angeles Is Losing Allure, New York Times, January 8, 1995; “The Census Shows Growth in Atlanta’s Population,” New York Times, March 21, 2001; “Atlanta Mayor: Shrinking Black Population Could Hurt Social Policies,” Cox News Service, June 2, 2007; “D.C. May Be Losing Status as a Majority-Black City,” Washington Post, May 17, 2007; “San Francisco Hopes to Reverse Black Flight...