A Reference Grammar of Kotiria (Wanano)

Contents

Contents List of tables xiii List of figures and maps xv Preface xvi Acknowledgments xvii Abbreviations used in glosses xix Abbreviations for example sources xxi Format of examples and texts xxii 1 The Kotiria and their language 1 1.1 Linguistic diversity in Brazilian Amazonia 1 1.2 The Tukanoan language family 3 1.2.1 Research on Tukanoan languages 6 1.2.2 Research on the Kotiria language 8 1.3 The Kotiria: demographics and geographic location 8 1.4 A brief history of contact 13 1.5 Linguistic exogamy, multilingualism, and the Vaupés social system 15 1.6 The specter of language loss and the development of language maintenance programs 18 2 Phonology 22 2.1 Phonemic inventory 22 2.2 Consonants 23 2.2.1 Plosives: voiced, voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated 24 2.2.2 The relation of [d] and [r] 30 2.2.3 The affricate /‫ݹ‬/ 32 2.2.4 Allophones of oral consonants 34 2.3 Vowels and vowel harmony 36 2.4 The syllable 38 2.4.1 Shapes, constraints, and association rules 38 2.4.2 Moras in prosodic structure 39 2.5 Suprasegmental nasalization 42 2.5.1 Nasal allophones and derivations of [+nasal] morphemes 43 2.5.2 Spreading processes 45 2.6 Suprasegmental tone 48 2.6.1 Tone or pitch accent? 48 2.6.2 Derivations and spreading processes 50 2.6.3 Monomoraic roots and tonal melodies 55 YLLL Contents  6XSUDVHJPHQWDOJORWWDOL]DWLRQ   6HJPHQWRUVXSUDVHJPHQW"   $VVRFLDWLRQDQGGHULYDWLRQV   *ORWWDOL]DWLRQDQGSUHDVSLUDWLRQ   &RRFFXUUHQFHRIVXSUDVHJPHQWDOV   2WKHUFRPPRQO\RFFXUULQJSKRQRORJLFDOSURFHVVHV   )XVLRQRIOLNHYRZHOV   9RZHOGHYRLFLQJ   7KH.RWLULDSUDFWLFDORUWKRJUDSK\  3 Words    %DVLFPRUSKRORJLFDOSURFHVVHV   5RRWVQRXQYHUEDQGSDUWLFOH   9HUEDOZRUGV   )LQLWHVLPSOHQRQILQLWHDQGQRPLQDOL]HGQRQILQLWHYHUEV   'HULYHGYHUEV   1RPLQDOZRUGV   6LPSOHQRXQV   'HULYHGQRXQV   :RUGVH[SUHVVLQJDGMHFWLYDODQGDGYHUELDOQRWLRQV   3URSHUWLHVRIURRWVVXIIL[HVDQGFOLWLFV   3KRQRORJLFDODQGJUDPPDWLFDOZRUGV   6RPHFRQVLGHUDWLRQVRQWKHRUWKRJUDSKLFZRUG  4 Noun classes and noun formation   1RXQFODVVHVLQ(DVWHUQ7XNDQRDQODQJXDJHV   $QLPDWHV   1RXQVZLWKKXPDQUHIHUHQWVJHQGHUDQGQXPEHU   1RQKXPDQLQGLYLGXDODQLPDWHV   ,QKHUHQWO\FROOHFWLYHDQLPDWHV   /LQJXLVWLFFRGLQJDQGWKHKLHUDUFK\RIDQLPDWHV   ,QDQLPDWHV   0DVVQRXQV   &RXQWDEOHQRXQVXQVXIIL[HGQRXQVDQGERG\SDUW  QRXQVZLWK+ro   ,QDQLPDWHVZLWKFODVVLILHUV   *HQHUDOSURSHUWLHVRI.RWLULDQRXQFODVVLILFDWLRQ   'HULYHGQRXQV   1RPLQDOVGHULYHGIURPYHUEDOURRWV   1RPLQDOVGHULYHGIURPSDUWLFOHV   7KHQHJDWLYHQRPLQDO~de   3URQRXQV   'HLFWLFIRUPVILUVWDQGVHFRQGSHUVRQ   $QDSKRULFIRUPVWKLUGSHUVRQ   $QDSKRULFIRUPVIRULQDQLPDWHV   1RXQFRPSRXQGV  Contents L[ 5 Nominal morphology   $GGLWLRQDOPRUSKHPHVFRGLQJOH[LFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ   (YDOXDWLYHV-~kaµGLPLQXWLYH¶-wҁ’rҁµDXJPHQWDWLYH¶   2WKHUTXDOLI\LQJPRUSKHPHV-khҁµDGGLWLYH¶-dita  µVROLWDU\¶DQG(-)waroµHPSKDWLF¶   0RUSKHPHVFRGLQJJUDPPDWLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ   /RFDWLYHV+i-pҁ   2EMHFW+re   &RPLWDWLYHLQVWUXPHQWDO=~be’re   0RUSKHPHVFRGLQJGLVFRXUVHOHYHOLQIRUPDWLRQ   5HIHUHQWLDO=ta   &RQWUDVWLYHVXEMHFW-se’e   (PSKDWLF~hi’da   5HVWULFWLRQVDQGLQWHUHVWLQJFRPELQDWLRQV   5HYLHZRIPRUSKRSKRQRORJLFDOSURFHVVHV   1DVDOL]DWLRQWRQHVSHFLILFDWLRQDQGVSUHDGLQJ   6WDWXVRIPRUSKHPHV  6 Noun phrases   &RQVWLWXHQWRUGHULQQRXQSKUDVHV   'HWHUPLQHUV   4XDQWLILHUV   1XPEHUV   2WKHUTXDQWLILHUV   3RVVHVVLRQ   3URQRPLQDOSRVVHVVLRQ   3RVVHVVLRQE\DQRXQRU13   /RFDWLYHSRVVHVVLRQ~baka   7KHSRVVHVVLYHURRWya   ,QWHUURJDWLYHV   ,QWHUURJDWLYHQRPLQDOV   ,QWHUURJDWLYHPRGLILHUV   'HVFULSWLYH DGMHFWLYDO QRPLQDOL]DWLRQV   0XOWLSOHPRGLILHUV  7 Verbal semantics and serialization processes   6WDWLYHYHUEV   &RSXODhi   1RQH[LVWHQFH~badia   6WDWLYHSRVVHVVLRQkhҁa   3RVLWLRQ   $GMHFWLYDOVWDWLYHV   $FWLYLW\YHUEV   0RWLRQYHUEV   %DVLFPRWLRQYHUEVwa’aµJR¶DQGta µFRPH¶  [ Contents  'LUHFWLRQDOYHUEV   5HODWLRQDOPRWLRQYHUEV   9HUEVRISODFHPHQW   9HUEVRIVHQVRU\SHUFHSWLRQDQGPHQWDOSURFHVVHV   &RPPRQYHUEVHULDOL]DWLRQFRQVWUXFWLRQV   0RWLRQYHUEVFRGLQJGLUHFWLRQRUPDQQHU   $VSHFWXDOIXQFWLRQVRIQRQLQLWLDOYHUEV   2WKHUQRQLQLWLDOURRWVFRGLQJDVSHFW   0RGDOIXQFWLRQVRIQRQLQLWLDOYHUEV   2WKHUW\SHVRIVHULDOL]HGFRQVWUXFWLRQV   9HUEVZLWKLQFRUSRUDWHGQRXQV  8 Nonroot stem morphemes in the verb   2YHUYLHZRIWKHPRUSKRORJ\RIILQLWHYHUEV   1HJDWLRQ-era   ,QWHQVLILFDWLRQDQGHPSKDVLV-yҁ’dҁ   0RGDOLW\   'XELWDWLYH-bo   )UXVWUDWLYH-aba   )DYRULWLYH-pe   2WKHUPRGDOPRUSKHPHV   ,PSHUIHFWLYHDQGSHUIHFWLYHDVSHFW   ,PSHUIHFWLYHDVSHFW-ati   3HUIHFWLYHDVSHFW-wa’a   7KHIXQFWLRQRIWKHVXIIL[+a   2UGHURIYHUEDOPRUSKHPHVDQGGHJUHHRIJUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQ  9 Clause modality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