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185 Notes 1. The Complexity of American Indian History 1. Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, xviii. 2. Innes, “Introduction: Native Studies and Native Cultural Preservation .” 3. In Montgomery’s An Elementary American History, chapter 1 is “The Discovery and Naming of America” (1000–1507); Tindall, in America : A Narrative History, attempts to correct the error of European discovery of North American by listing chapter 1 as “The Collision of Cultures,” but it has a subtitle: “European Visions of America.” In Bailey and Kennedy’s The American Pageant, chapter 1 is called “New World Beginning” and excludes “Discovery,” although the New World is new to Europeans at the time, not to Indians. Norton and colleagues, in A People and a Nation, shed light on contact history , calling chapter 1 “The Meeting of Old World and New, 1491– 1650.” In Foner’s Give Me Liberty! chapter 1, “A New World,” most accurately describes European expansion to an already populated Americas. 4. Hough, Out of Place, 3. 5. See Spivak, Can the Subaltern Speak? 6. Glassberg, Sense of History, 22. 7. Susman, Culture as History, 17. 8. Geertz, Interpretation of Cultures, 14. 9. Black Elk is quoted in Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks, 194–95; the quote is also in Hill, Words of Power, xi. 2. Native Ethos of “Seeing” and a Natural Democracy 1. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks, 36. 2. An earlier version of this chapter was presented as an invited paper 186 Notes to pages 18–32 for a public lecture, “Themes in Life: Learning from American Indian History,” presented at Adrian College, Adrian, Michigan, March 12, 1993. 3. As of July 1999 the federal government recognized 547 American Indian tribal groups, and a year later in July 2000 a total of 558 federally recognized tribes existed. There are 564 tribes as of 2010. 4. McGaa, Native Wisdom, 36–37. 5. Vine Deloria Jr. addresses these elements in The Metaphysics of Modern Existence. 6. For Black Elk see Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks; for Lame Deer see Lame Deer and Erodes, Lame Deer, Seeker of Visions, and Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks, 36; and for Severt Young Bear see Young Bear and Theisz, Standing in the Light, and McGaa, Native Wisdom, 36–37. 7. An introduction to American Indians studying the universe is in Williamson, Living the Sky, and Miller, Stars of the First People. 8. Young Bear and Theisz, Standing in the Light, 27. 9. Anthropologist William Sturtevant pointed out that “most historians , and many cultural anthropologists, argue that one cannot thus sharply distinguish ‘empirical’ from ‘speculative’ history—all historiography is speculative to a degree, and historical evidence is varyingly empirical.” See Sturtevant, “Anthropology, History, and Ethnohistory ,” 4. 10. Jacobs, “The Indian and the Frontier,” 44. 11. An estimated twenty-seven tribes as of 1993 had no written history about them; see Hale, Researching and Writing Tribal Histories. 12. Webb, Chronological List of Engagements. 13. Fixico, “The Struggle for Our Homes,” 35. 14. For some clarification about Black Elk’s power vision, and real life being in the hereafter world, see Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks, 21–46. 15. For a full range of myths and legends of various tribes, see Erodes and Ortiz, American Indian Myths and Legends. For legends specifically on the Senecas of the Iroquois, see Kelsey, Tales To Tell. On prophecy of the coming of whites see Nabokov, Native American Testimony, 6–31. 16. Flores, The Natural West 3; in his discussion of animals and humans as nature’s children, he uses the term human animals, p. 28. 17. For information on the structure of community and society, see Murdock, Social Structure. 18. Tinker, “An American Indian Theological Response to Ecojustice,” 159–60. [3.15.235.113] Project MUSE (2024-04-17 19:05 GMT) Notes to pages 33–48 187 19. For the importance of the circle as a concept and important part of cultures, see Conn, Circles of the World; Rita L. Irwin, A Circle of Empowerment; Lee, The Circle Is Sacred; McNab, Circles of Time; Mischke, Circles, Consciousness and Culture; Shumaker, The Circle of Totems; and Kenneth Walker, The Circle of Life. 20. Said, Orientalism, and Berkhofer, The White Man’s Indian. 21. Isaacs, Idols of the Tribe, 21. 3. The First Dimension of Indian-White Relations 1. Mendy Mayberry, “Body Found in Woods,” Sapulpa Herald, vol. 71, no. 127, February 10, 1984. In this case, the little people known by the Euchees were tricksters; for a general introduction to the trickster role, see Radin...