Deterrence through Strength: British Naval Power and Foreign Policy under Pax Britannica

Index

Index Abdulmecid I, Sultan, 163, 193 Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of, 17, 201; and direction of foreign policy, 21, 93, 149, 196–99, 206, 218; and Oregon crisis, 86, 89, 93, 97, 98, 99, 219; and relationship with cabinet, 18–19, 30, 196, 198–99, 206, 218 Acre, 39, 42, 74, 75, 172–73, 183, 190, 191–93, 203, 211–12, 216 Adam, Vice Adm. Sir Charles, 15, 55, 82 Aden, 49, 51, 162, 171 Admiralty: and First Lords of the Admiralty, 13, 17–18, 40, 55; and First Naval Lords, 15, 18, 40, 55; policies of, 37, 39–41, 52, 54–56, 57, 59, 63, 100, 150, 172–73, 193, 197. See also Adam, Vice Adm. Sir Charles; Cockburn, Adm. Sir George; Ellenborough, Edward Law, 1st Earl of; Haddington, Thomas Hamilton, 9th Earl of; Minto, Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Earl of; Royal Navy Albert, Prince of Saxe-Coburg, 22–23 Alexandria, 164, 174, 175, 180, 184, 186, 187, 192–93, 203, 213 Algiers, 171, 176, 180, 185, 194–95 Amoy. See Xiamen (Amoy) Anglo-Chinese War. See Opium War “anticipatory punishment,” 34, 129, 183 Arabian Peninsula, 51, 162–63 Auckland, George Eden, 1st Earl of, 16, 125–27, 131–32 Austria, 16, 28, 163–64, 165, 167, 170, 182, 183, 206, 209, 212, 213 balance of power: as principle of foreign policy, 3, 6, 27–28, 159, 160, 207, 217–18; in North America, 95–96; as goal in Syrian crisis, 155–56, 157–59, 160–62, 207 Baltic Sea, 7, 46, 47, 175, 221 Barrow, Sir John, 66–67 Baudin, Admiral Charles, 45 Beeler, John, 218–19 Bei River (Peiho River, Bei He), 114, 120, 121, 127, 130, 135, 139–40 Black Sea, 46, 175, 221 Bloomfield, John, 211–12 Blue Books, 24–25, 29 “blue water” policy, 28 Bremer, Commodore Sir Gordon, 125 Browning, Robert, III, 31–32 Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, 20 Bulwer, Henry Lytton, 180, 200–201 California, 65, 67–69, 96 Canada: British defense policy for, 71–75, 86, 98, 99–100, 102; British interests in, 66, 98; garrisoning and border fortifications of, 71, 85; Great Lakes naval forces of, 71, 75, 81, 86–87 Canning, George, 12–13 Canton: as center for British trade, 105–7, 110, 129, 130; Napier 1834 expedition to, 116; operations against during Opium War, 114, 130, 135, 136–39, 147 302 index the Caroline (American ship), 69, 76, 80–81 Chapu. See Zhapu China: concept of foreign relations of, 116, 120, 148; domestic politics of, 122–23, 132–35, 138–39, 148–9, 220; and government ’s opinion on Britain, 115–16, 117, 118, 133, 147–48, 254n34; military and naval forces of, 118, 122–23; policy on opium trade of, 107, 110–11; Qing Dynasty government of, 116, 118–19, 129–30, 133–35, 136, 138–39, 143, 147–49, 220 Chinkiang. See Zhenjiang Chusan. See Zhousan Clanricarde, Ulick de Burgh, 1st Marquess of, 175, 211 Clarendon, George Villiers, 4th Earl of, 160, 166, 282n164 coastal fortifications, 7; of Britain, 222; of China, 123, 142; of France, 7, 44–45, 176–77, 194; of Russia, 7, 46, 175, 221; of Syria, 192; of United States, 7, 72–76, 77–78, 79–80, 83, 88, 94; and vulnerability to steam warships, 42–46, 73–76, 78 Cockburn, Adm. Sir George, 18, 40, 179, 199 “command of the sea,” 5, 50–51, 101, 171, 176 concert of Europe, 3, 6, 13, 29, 163–64, 194, 204, 206, 208, 216, 217–18 Congreve rockets, 38–39 the Cornwallis, 145 credibility in foreign policy, 32–34, 73, 93–94, 112–13, 199, 205, 214–16 Crimean War (1853–56), 2, 4, 7, 221–22 Cronstadt, 7, 46, 221 Daoguang (emperor), 107, 118, 136, 138–39, 140–41, 143, 148, 220 the Dee (steam warship), 39 Desages, Emile, 213 deterrence: in international relations theory, 31–34, 115, 233n72 “deterrence through strength”: Crimean War as example of, 7, 221–22; as general British strategy, 30–31, 34–35, 65, 93–94, 105, 112–13, 151–53, 155–56, 195–216, 217–25; Russo-Turkish War as example of, 222, 287n5; as strategy against China, 114–15, 116–18, 119, 121–22, 128–29, 132–33, 149–50, 220, 223; as strategy against U.S., 88–92, 94–95, 96, 98, 99, 101–3, 204–5, 216, 220, 223; as strategy in Syrian Crisis, 171, 174–77, 179–83, 185–86, 192, 199–216, 220, 223 diplomatic independence: as general principle of British...