Deterrence through Strength: British Naval Power and Foreign Policy under Pax Britannica

Notes

Notes 1. British Power in the Early Victorian Period 1. Graham, Politics of Naval Supremacy, 111, 111n3. 2. P. Schroeder, “Containment Nineteenth-Century Style,” 3; Chamberlain , Pax Britannica? 9; Gough, “Pax Britannica,” 167, 179; French, British Way in Warfare, 120–21. 3. Chamberlain, Pax Britannica? 9. 4. For example, Kennedy, Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, 150, 163; P. Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, vii–viii; Sheehan, Balance of Power, 121. 5. Gough, “Pax Britannica,” 170, 172, 178; Bartlett, Britain Pre-eminent, 174, 176, 186, 191; Bartlett, Defence and Diplomacy, 2, 3, 4, 38; Bartlett, Great Britain and Sea Power, x–xi. 6. Graham, Empire of the North Atlantic, viii, 266, 289; Kennedy, Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, 150, 157, 160–61, 169. 7. Graham, Politics of Naval Supremacy, 120; Graham, Tides of Empire, 72, 77–78, 81, 91; French, British Way in Warfare, xv–xvi, 121, 131, 145, 225; Bourne, Britain and the Balance of Power, vii–viii, 52. 8. See Chamberlain, Pax Britannica?; Chamberlain, Lord Aberdeen; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, vii, xii, 755–56, 763; Craig, “System of Alliances,” 247, 266–70. 9. Kennedy, Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, 168–69; Bartlett, Defence and Diplomacy, 22–23; Chamberlain, Pax Britannica? 7; French, British Way in Warfare, 131; Graham, Politics of Naval Supremacy, 119. 10. Bartlett, Britain Pre-eminent, 191–92; Kennedy, Rise and Fall of 228 notes to pages 5–13 British Naval Mastery, 150, 157, 160. Gerald S. Graham calls the dominance of British naval power “a fact of life resulting from the French wars,” in Politics of Naval Supremacy, 112. 11. Bartlett, Defence and Diplomacy, 2–3; Bartlett, Britain Pre-eminent, 191–92. 12. Kennedy, Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, 158. 13. Bartlett, Britain Pre-eminent, 178; Kennedy, Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, 158–59. 14. Bartlett, Britain Pre-eminent, 172–73, 176–78. 15. Graham, Politics of Naval Supremacy, 118–19. See also Graham, Tides of Empire, 81–83; and Kennedy, Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, 157–58. 16. P. Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, vii, xii, 755–56; Craig, “System of Alliances,” 246–47, 266. 17. Craig, “System of Alliances,” 268–70, 272. 18. Bueno de Mesquita, International Politics, 15. 19. Gardiner and Lambert, Steam, Steel and Shellfire, 9; Lambert, Crimean War, 176–93, 344–46; Lambert, “Anglo-French Rivalry,” 304–6. 20. Lambert, Last Sailing Battlefleet, vii, 7; Linn, Echo of Battle, 5, 14. 21. Lambert, Last Sailing Battlefleet, vii, 13, 52; Gardiner and Lambert , Steam, Steel and Shellfire, 9, 11; Lambert, “Preparing for the Long Peace,” 42. 2. Politics, Policymaking, Principles, and Strategy 1. For example, while the Foreign Office did have numerous diplomats abroad, it had a London staff of only about thirty people in 1830. Palmerston, in particular, gave his undersecretaries and support staff very little responsibility and preferred to handle most business himself when he was foreign secretary. Bourne, Palmerston, 409, 416–17. 2. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita provides a persuasive overview of one variety of this strategic theory in International Politics, xii, 17. 3. Bueno de Mesquita, International Politics, xii, 5, 20. 4. Bourne, Palmerston, 90, 237, 277, 283, 287, 326–32, 476, 547; notes to pages 13–17 229 Ridley, Lord Palmerston, 58–62, 161–62; Beales, Castlereagh to Gladstone , 166–67. 5. Gardiner and Lambert, Steam, Steel and Shellfire, 33. 6. Bourne, Palmerston, 551; Huttenback, British Imperial Experience , 15. 7. Bourne, Palmerston, 533–34, 581. Russell’s title was honorary; he would not be made a peer until the 1860s. 8. Bourne, Palmerston, 308, 341, 500. 9. Bourne, Palmerston, 321, 323. 10. Bourne, Palmerston, 582, 630. 11. Bourne, Palmerston, 548. See also 604, 629. 12. The ministry’s bill would have suspended the colony’s constitution ; it was designed to punish the Jamaican Assembly for white landowners’ continuing oppression of their supposedly emancipated slaves. Curtin, Two Jamaicas, 95–97; Palmerston to William Temple, 9 February 1841, Broadlands Archive, gc/te/291/1–2; Palmerston to Auckland, 4 June 1841, Broadlands Archive, gc/au/66/1–4. See also Woodham-Smith, Queen Victoria, 225. 13. Cain and Hopkins, British Imperialism, 67; Clarke, British Diplomacy and Foreign Policy, 187. 14. Fay, Opium War, 181; Bourne, Palmerston, 461, 470–71. 15. Lord Holland and his wife were especially regarded as inveterate gossips. Melbourne to John Russell, 19 September 1840, in Sanders, Lord Melbourne’s Papers...