Perimeters of Democracy: Inverse Utopias and the Wartime Social Landscape in the American West

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Notes abbreviations alsc Allen Library Special Collections, University of Washington narapar National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Alaska Region ohsrl Oregon Historical Society Research Library rhap Records of the Housing Authority of Portland sparc Stanley Parr Archives and Records Center tohp Topaz Oral History Project, University of Utah Marriott Library introduction 1. Historian Roger Daniels has reassessed the terminology scholars use to describe these facilities, arguing that the relocation centers were literally “concentration camps”—a term that government officials also used prior to revelations of the Nazi death camps. While it would be a gross distortion to equate the apparatus of the Final Solution with the mass incarceration of Japanese from the West Coast, the “relocation centers” were, in fact, structures for concentrating this ethnic group. I have nonetheless elected to use the term “relocation center” to preserve the terminology of the era and the familiar “internees” to refer to the inmates in the camps. See Daniels, “Incarceration of the Japanese Americans,” 297–310. 2. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, 162–63; Hong, “Something Forgotten Which Should Have Been Remembered,” 291–310; Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online, s.v. “Adorno, Theodor” (by Lambert Zuidervaart), http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/adorno/ (Accessed August 15, 2008). Curators Mari Carmen Ramirez and Hector Olea’s preface to the exhibition catalogue Inverted Utopias demonstrates the benefits of a constellatory reading of disparate entities. Their rejection of traditional chronological, artist-, or movement-centered arrangements created an “open-flexible, and porous site of tensions” that revealed “a host of previously unnoticed links and unsuspected nexus between avant-garde manifestations .” Their exhibition design was instrumental in helping me think through the structure of this project. I discovered their work by happenstance, while searching for other uses of the term “inverse utopias,” which I use to describe the communities in this study. See Ramirez and Olea, Inverted Utopias. 3. Stember, “Reactions to Anti-Semitic Appeals,” 119, 128–29. 4. “Judge Grants Bail to Wen Ho Lee,” Asian Reporter, August 29, 2000; “Clinton ‘Troubled’ By Los Alamos Case,” New York Times, September 15, 2000; “Lee Remains 314 | Notes to pages 7–16 Enigma at Center of a Storm,” Washington Post, October 8, 2000; Freeh, The Federal Bureau of Investigation; Gish Jen, “For Wen Ho Lee, a Tarnished Freedom,” New York Times, September 15, 2000; Lawler, “Silent No Longer,” 1072–73. 5. “Rogue River Citizen,” letter to the editor, Oregonian, November 27, 1855, from scrapbook compiled by Elwood Evans, “The Indian War, 1855–56,” in Research Publications , Western Americana, reel 179, no. 1872. 6. “Rogue River Citizen,” letter to the editor, from Evans, “The Indian War, 1855–56,” in Research Publications, Western Americana, reel 179, no. 1872. 7. Trennert, Alternative to Extinction. 8. Department of the Interior, Indian Affairs, 2:865–68; Prucha, The Great Father, 317. 9. Stern, The Klamath Tribe; Prucha, The Great Father; Daniels, American Concentration Camps; Taylor, Jewel of the Desert; MacColl, The Growth of a City; Abbott, Portland; Maben, Vanport; Kunetka, City of Fire; Hales, Atomic Spaces. 10. Rieber and Kelley, “Substance and Shadow,” 14. 11. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, April 27, 1809, in Lipscomb and Bergh, eds., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 277; Smith, Virgin Land, 254–56. 12. John O’Sullivan, “The Great Nation of Futurity,” American Democratic Review 6, no. 23 (November 1839): 430. 13. Morton, Crania Americana, 7. 14. Morton, Crania Americana, 2. 15. Morton, Crania Americana, 47. 16. Morton, Crania Americana, 6. 17. Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 18, 125–28; Takaki, A Different Mirror, 176–77, 191. 18. Morton, Crania Americana, 3, 20. 19. Morton, Crania Americana, 18–19, 79. 20. Morton, Crania Americana, 4, 81. 21. Morton, Crania Americana, 7, 87. 22. Morton, Crania Americana, 88. 23. Morton, Crania Americana, 7. 24. O’Sullivan, “The Great Nation of Futurity,” 427. 25. Franklin, War Stars, 39–45; Sharp, Savage Perils, 107–12. 26. Sayers and Kahn, Sabotage!, 68; Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues, 125. 27. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 146–47. 28. Portland Oregonian, August 13, 1915, quoted in Mangun, “As Citizens of Portland We Must Protest,” 379–80. 29. For the history of African Americans in prewar Portland and an overview of black migration to Western defense industries, see McLagan, A Peculiar Paradise, 24–27; Nash, The American West Transformed, 88–106; and Pearson, “A Menace to the Neighborhood,” 158–79. Notes to pages 16–32 | 315 30. Federal Bureau of Investigation, J. Robert Oppenheimer Security Files, Memorandum, March 28...