Bad Fruits of the Civilized Tree: Alcohol and the Sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation

Notes

 notes introduction . Native Americans in the southwestern United States and the northwestern part of Mexico produced intoxicating drinks well before Spanish conquest.They incorporated intoxicants into their ceremonies and rituals while others consumed alcoholic beverages for social and more secular purposes. Waddell, “The Use of Intoxicating Beverages,” in Waddell and Everett, Drinking Behavior Among Southwestern Indians, –. .Westermeyer,“‘The Drunken Indian,’”.In his important work on alcohol regulation, historian William E. Unrau forcefully makes this point: “It is worth remembering . . . that national prohibition applied only to Indians in the nineteenth century, and here, perhaps, may be found a key for understanding the origins and full flowering of the ‘drunken Indian/sober white’stereotype that continues to this day.” Unrau, White Man’s Wicked Water, –. . Leland, “Native American Alcohol Use,” in Mail and McDonald , Tulapai to Tokay, –. . Lemert, Alcohol and the Northwest Coast Indians, –, –, –. . Lemert, Alcohol and the Northwest Coast Indians, . . Lemert, Alcohol and the Northwest Coast Indians, –, –, . . Leland, “Native American Alcohol Use,” in Mail and McDonald , Tulapai to Tokay, . . Hamer, “Acculturation Stress,” –, –, –.  1 notes to pages – . Hamer, “Acculturation Stress,” . . Dozier, “Problem Drinking,” –. . Dozier, “Problem Drinking,” . . MacAndrew and Edgerton, Drunken Comportment, particularly chaps.  and . .Lurie,“TheWorld’s Oldest On-Going Protest Demonstration,” –. .Lurie,“TheWorld’sOldestOn-GoingProtestDemonstration,” –, –, . . Levy and Kunitz, Indian Drinking, , , . . Levy and Kunitz, Indian Drinking, –. . Levy and Kunitz, Indian Drinking, , –. Observing the ease with which the Navajos gave up drinking, Levy and Kunitz maintained that those Navajos who exhibited deviant drinking behaviors and were labeled as alcoholic were not addicted to alcohol after all, for which their follow-up study provided additional support . Levy and Kunitz, Indian Drinking, , ; Kunitz and Levy, Drinking Careers, –, , . Kunitz and Levy, however, were not ignoring Navajo drinkers who were at high risk for becoming alcohol dependent.To seek effective preventive measures for the Navajos,they examined whether alcoholism and conduct disorder before age fifteen, seemingly a strong indicator of alcohol dependence, were associated. Kunitz and Levy, Drinking, Conduct Disorder, and Social Change. . Levy and Kunitz, Indian Drinking, –. . Leland, Firewater Myths, –. . Leland, Firewater Myths, –. . Leland, Firewater Myths, . . Leland’s subsequent bibliographical guide, “Native American Alcohol Use,” appears in Mail and McDonald, Tulapai to Tokay, –. For a more updated literature review, see Mancall, “A Note on Sources,” in Deadly Medicine, –. . Room, “Alcohol and Ethnography,” , . .Jacek Moskalewicz,“Comments,”in Room,“Alcohol and Ethnography ,” . . Waddell, “Malhiot’s Journal,” –. . Axtell, “Imagining the Other,” in Beyond , . . Mancall, Deadly Medicine, particularly chaps. , , and . notes to pages – 1  . Hatley, The Dividing Paths, ; Reid, A Better Kind of Hatchet, . . Hatley, The Dividing Paths, –. . McLoughlin,“Cherokee Anomie,–,”in The Cherokee Ghost Dance, –. . McLoughlin,“Cherokee Anomie,”in The Cherokee Ghost Dance, –. . See Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca, particularly –, –. . White, The Roots of Dependency, –. . See McLoughlin, Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic. . For an in-depth study of slavery among the Cherokees, see Perdue, Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, –. . Cherokee delegation to John C. Calhoun,  February , Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, –, rg , National Archives,Washington dc, M-, Roll , #. Hereafter documents from this archive will be cited as M- with date and roll and frame numbers. . Prucha, American Indian Policy in the Formative Years, – (page references are to reprint edition). For discussion of federal alcohol regulations in nineteenth-century Indian country, see also Unrau, White Man’s Wicked Water. . Foreman, The Five Civilized Tribes, –. . Wardell, A Political History of the Cherokee Nation, –, . . See McLoughlin, After the Trail of Tears. . alcohol arrives . De Brahm, De Brahm’s Report of the General Survey, . . Hudson, The Southeastern Indians, –. . See Carson, Searching for the Bright Path, , –. . Fairbanks, “The Function of Black Drink among the Creeks,” –; Merrill, “The Beloved Tree,” –. Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system and helps make one clearheaded and less susceptible to fatigue. Its diuretic effect also promotes perspiration. Hudson, introduction to Black Drink, . . Merrill, “The Beloved Tree,” , , –. During his extensive  1 notes to pages – trip to the Southeast in the s,William Bartram discovered yaupon among the Cherokees at Jore in present-day North Carolina, but he stated that it “was the only place I had seen it grown in the Cherokee country.” Waselkov and Braund, William Bartram on the Southeastern Indians, . See also Merrill, “The Beloved Tree,” , map . .Black drink–related Cherokee documents are never as thorough nor informative as the ones on the Creeks. Yet as anthropologist Charles Hudson has noted, black drink became “one of their defining cultural traits”among the...