Chevato: The Story of the Apache Warrior Who Captured Herman Lehmann

Notes

Notes Abbreviations agm Archivo General de Mexico bia Bureau of Indian Affairs cah Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin kar Kiowa Agency Records na National Archives, Washington dc C66 National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington dc ohs Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City racc Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, – Introduction 1. For a detailed description of the Lehmann/Buchmeier family, see Perry and Focke, A New Look at Nine Years among the Indians, 1870–1879, 249–73. 2. The facts of Herman’s kidnapping, as well as Herman’s description, were detailed in an affidavit filed by his stepfather,Philip Buchmeier,on July 2,1870.The affidavit was sworn before the justice of the peace, Precinct 1, R. Radeleff, Gillespie County, Texas, and was included as an attachment to a letter from Col. J. E. Tourtellotte, Headquarters , Fifth Military District of Texas, to Laurie Tatum, Indian Agent at Ft. Sill, Oklahoma , reporting the kidnapping of Herman Lehmann. Tourtellotte’s letter was dated May 27, 1871. Tourtellotte to Tatum, May 27, 1871, kar, Military Relations and Affairs: Indian Captives, 1870–1934, microfilm #ka-42, ohs. 3. Hunter, Herman Lehmann, 175. 1. The Lipan Apaches 1.Cobos,Dictionary of New Mexico and Southern Colorado Spanish,32.The word chivato is derived from the diminutive for“goat”and also means“mischievous, rascal.” 2. Opler, Myths and Legends of the Lipan Apache Indians, 13–15. Opler’s informant for this creation story was Antonio Apache, a Lipan who knew Chevato in Zaragosa. Antonio was a young boy in 1869 when he fled Zaragosa with his grandfather, Caro Colorado. Antonio Apache became one of Opler’s primary source informants in the summer of 1935. 3.Albert Samuel Gatschet, Lipan Vocabulary Taken at Ft. Griffin, Texas, September– October 1884, 64, ms 81–a-b, naa. This is the Lipan linguistic form used to end a story. 4. Tiller, The Jicarilla Apache Tribe, 4. The other southern Athapascan tribes are the Chiricahua,Navajo,Western Apache,Mescalero,Kiowa Apache,and Jicarilla.In the Lipan creation myth,the different Apache tribes were scattered from west to east,with the Lipans being the last tribe to end their journey.This tale reflects the fact that the Lipans were the easternmost group of southern Athapascans,as well as the fact that the Lipans allied with the Tonkawas in Texas during the nineteenth century. The Lipan bands that moved south into Mexico, however, were allied with the Mescalero Apaches. 5. Opler, Myths and Legends of the Lipan Apache Indians, 2n. 6. Opler, Myths and Legends of the Lipan Apache Indians, 5.Although Opler found a number of similarities between the myths of the Lipans and the Jicarilla Apaches, the most striking differentiation of these two groups from the Mescalero Apaches was in their creation myths. The Mescaleros did not have a creation myth similar to that of the Lipans or Jicarillas. 7. Opler, Myths and Legends of the Lipan Apache Indians. The Jicarilla Apache culture was heavily influenced by the Navajo and Pueblo cultures from the seventeenth century on, while the Lipan culture did not show these influences to that degree. 8. Tiller, The Jicarilla Apache Tribe, 4. 9. Kavanagh, The Comanches, 63–71. 10. Hoxie, Encyclopedia of North American Indians, s.v.“Lipan Apache.” 11.Gatschet,Lipan Vocabulary Taken at Ft. Griffin, Texas, September–October 1884,33, 55–56, 183. The Natagés were an Apachean-speaking group considered by most scholars to be affiliated with the Mescalero Apaches. See also John, Storms Brewed in Other Men’s Worlds, 359–60, 503. 12.Dunn,“Missionary Activities among the Eastern Apaches Previous to the Founding of the San Saba Mission,” 193–95. 13.Dunn,“Missionary Activities among the Eastern Apaches Previous to the Founding of the San Saba Mission,” 193. 14. John, Storms Brewed in Other Men’s Worlds, 297–98. 15. “Old Mission Acts as Highway Curbstone,” Eagle Pass News Guide, August 11, 1994. 16. Report on the state of the missions under the presidency of the northern Rio Grande from October 1758 to December 1767, agm, Historia, 2q178, vol. 349, cah; report of Fr. Diego Ximenez on the missions for the Lipans, December 26, 1764, agm, Historia, 2q178, vol. 349, cah. 17.“How Long Is 100 Years—Relatively Speaking?”Eagle Pass News Guide, September 16, 1971. See also John, Storms Brewed in Other Men’s Worlds, 380. 18. Betty, Comanche Society Before the Reservation, 53–54...