Assimilation's Agent: My Life as a Superintendent in the Indian Boarding School System

Notes

[First Page] [305], (1) Lines: 0 to 39 ——— 0.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page PgEnds: TEX [305], (1) Notes Editor’s Introduction 1. Personal correspondence, Alice Martin to Cary Collins, March 15, 1999. Chalcraft entitled his typescript memoir “Memory’s Storehouse,” which is included in the Chalcraft-Pickering Family Papers, cage 560, box 1, Washington State University Libraries, Pullman, and has been edited by Cary C. Collins as “Between Savagery and Civilization: The Memoir of Edwin L. Chalcraft, U.S. Indian Agent” (Ph.D. diss., Washington State University, 2001). Some material presented in this introduction appeared in Cary C. Collins,“ThroughtheLensof Assimilation:EdwinL.Chalcraftand Chemawa Indian School,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 98 (Winter 1997–98): 390–425. 2. Theliteratureonoiapersonnelisrich.AsamplingincludesGeorge P.Castile,“EdwinEells,U.S.IndianAgent,1871–1895,”PacificNorthwest Quarterly 72 (April 1981): 61–68; Adelaide Elm and Heather S. Hatch, comps., “‘Ready to Serve’: Elsie Prugh Herndon among the Pima and Papago, a Photo Essay,”Journal of Arizona History 30 (Summer 1989): 193–208; Laura Graves, Thomas Varker Keam, IndianTrader (Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1998);Robert A. Trennert, “John H. Stout and the Grant Peace Policy among the Pimas,” Arizona and the West 28 (Spring 1986): 45–68; Laura Woodworth-Ney,“The Diaries of a Day-School Teacher: Daily Realities on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, 1932–1942,” South Dakota History 24 (Fall/Winter 1994): 194–211. 305 [306], (2) Lines: 39 t ——— 0.0pt Pg ——— Normal Pa PgEnds: TE [306], (2) 3. Personal correspondence, Alice Martin to Cary Collins, March 15, 1999. 4. Chalcraft,“Memory’s Storehouse,” 15. 5. Carter Jones Meyer, “Edgar Hewett, Tsianina Redfeather, and Early-Twentieth-Century Indian Reform,” New Mexico Historical Review 75 (April 2000): 202. The images Indian agents conjured in the psyche of the American public is discussed in Henry E. Fritz, The Movement for Indian Assimilation, 1860–1890 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963), 24–55; Langdon Sully, “The Indian Agent: A Study in Corruption and Avarice,”American West 10 (March 1973): 4–9; Robert D. Cunningham Jr., “Rings in Arizona: A Look at Frontier Conspiracies,” Journal of the West 25 (October 1986): 14–20; John Dibbern,“The Reputations of Indian Agents: A Reappraisal of John P. Clum and Joseph C. Tiffany,” Journal of the Southwest 39 (Summer 1997): 201–38. 6. Quoted inWilliam E. Unrau,“The Civilian as IndianAgent:Villain or Victim?”Western Historical Quarterly 3 (October 1972): 408–9. 7. Indian participation is documented in Wilbert H. Ahern,“An Experiment Aborted: Returned Indian Students in the Indian School Service, 1881–1908,” Ethnohistory 44 (Spring 1997): 263–304. 8. Esther Burnett Horne and Sally McBeth, Essie’s Story: The Life and Legacy of a Shoshone Teacher (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), xx–xxi. 9. Albert H. Kneale, Indian Agent (Caldwell id: Caxton Printers, 1950); W. F. M. Arny, Indian Agent in New Mexico: The Journal of Special Agent W. F. M. Arny, 1870, ed. Lawrence R. Murphy (Santa Fe: Stagecoach Press, 1967). 10. T. W. Davenport, “Recollections of an Indian Agent,” Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 8 (March 1907): 1–41, (June 1907): 95–128, (September 1907): 231–64, (December 1907): 353–74. 11. Thomas C. Battey, The Life and Adventures of a Quaker among the Indians (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1875), 4–5. 12. James McLaughlin, My Friend the Indian (Boston: Houghton Mif- flin, 1926), vii–viii. 13. On the rise of modern America, see John A. Garraty, The New Commonwealth, 1877–1890 (New York: Harper and Row, 1968); Pe306 其 Notes to Pages x–xvi [307], (3) Lines: 62 to 76 ——— 0.0pt PgVar ——— Normal Page PgEnds: TEX [307], (3) ter Dobkin Hall,The Organization of American Culture, 1700–1900: Private Institutions, Elites, and the Origins of American Nationality (New York: New York University Press, 1982); Samuel P. Hays, The Response to Industrialism, 1885–1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957, 1995); Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon : The United States, 1877–1919 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987); Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877–1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967). 14. Lewis Meriam et al., The Problem of Indian Administration (Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1928). 15. Robert Berkhofer, The White Man’s Indian: Images of the American Indians from Columbus to the Present (New York: Vintage Books, 1978);Christine Bolt,American Indian Policy andAmerican Reform: Case Studies of the Campaign to Assimilate the American Indians (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987); Janet McDonnell, The Dispossession of the American Indians, 1887–1934 (Bloomington: Indiana University...