Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian Project in the Field

Notes

Notes preliminaries 1. The works referred to here are Curtis 1907–1930; Curtis 1997; Gidley 1976; and Hausman and Kapoun 1995. Anne Makepeace was able to capitalize on the success of her film to produce in 2001 a popular biographical study of Curtis that also contains, though without identifying citations, extracts from a number of unpublished documents. The www site referred to is http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/ienhtml. 2. Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian, Incorporated is Gidley 1998a. introduction 1. Curtis, nai 1 (1907):preface; subsequent quotations from nai will be referenced only as necessary (e.g.,quotations from captions to pictures will be found on the caption list accompanying the relevant volume). For a full analysis of the North American Indian project see Gidley 1998a; uncited information hereafter was taken from this source. There is also relevant information and commentary in earlier accounts, especially Andrews 1962; T. C. McLuhan’s biographical essay in Coleman and McLuhan 1972; Graybill and Boesen 1976; Lyman 1982; Davis 1985; and Makepeace 2001. Curtis’s film was edited and reissued, with sound, as In the Land of the War Canoes in 1973; see Holm and Quimby 1980. 2. A small selection of writing on the literature of encounter would include Asad 1973; Said 1978; Fabian 1983; Gidley 1992; and Pratt 1992. For such writing with particular reference to American Indians see Berkhofer 1979; Dippie 1982; Liebersohn 1998; Murray 1991; Pagden 1993; and Todorov 1984. My own previous work on this aspect of Curtis’s work includes the introduction and chap. 9 of Gidley 1998a; and Gidley 2001. 3. On Curtis and pictorialism see DeWall 1980, especially chap. 3; and Gidley 1993. See also Coleman 1998. 4. The account of the Klondike gold rush is Curtis 1898. For more on the Harriman Expedition see Goetzmann and Sloan 1982; the contemporaneous narrative of the expedition is Merriam 1902. For an image of Indians made by Curtis during the Harriman Expedition see fig. 20 here. 5. See, e.g., Grinnell 1892 and 1889. For Curtis family lore see, e.g., Andrews 1962:114–115. 6. Grinnell 1905. 7. Letter from Curtis to Hodge, October 28, 1904, Hodge Collection. The interaction of Curtis, Morgan, and Morris is treated at greater length in Gidley 1998a:chaps. 1 and 4. Later, in 1911, Morgan Bank interests appointed Morris as vice president and one of three directors of The North American Indian, Inc., the company established in 1910 to run the financial affairs of the project. 8. Letter from President Theodore Roosevelt to Curtis, February 6, 1906, Roosevelt Papers. 149 150 Notes to Pages 8–15 Much of the unfolding Curtis-Morgan financial relationship is documented in the Curtis materials deposited in the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City. 9. See Mick Gidley, “Edward S. Curtis’s Indian Photographs: A National Enterprise,” in Gidley 1992:103–119; and Marshall 1912, especially as excerpted in chap. 6 of this book. For more on the Curtis family relationships see Graybill and Boesen. I am also indebted to the late Billy Curtis Ingram, interviewed in August 1977. 10. Further information on some of these topics may be found in Curtis 1914a and 1915; Gidley 1987; Holm and Quimby 1980; and Gidley 1982a; and scattered through Gidley 1998a. 11. See Hodge 1910. For more on Hodge see Gilb 1956; and Cole 1957. For Hodge’s intervention in the production of nai 19 (1930), see Graybill and Boesen:94–95, 106–107. 12. Some of Upshaw’s father’s deeds are recorded in nai 4 (1909):18–20. Information on Upshaw himself came from Littlefield and Parins 1981:170, 303; Upshaw 1897; from interviews with Florence Curtis Graybill in December 1976,and with Harold P. Curtis in February 1977;and from unpublished data by W. W. Phillips in the Phillips Papers. There is further treatment of Upshaw in Gidley 1994. For appreciations of the ethnographic quality of The NorthAmerican Indian see,e.g.,Lowie 1909:185, 192; Lowie 1935:355; and Ewers 1955:109, 234. 13. Upshaw’s contribution to the project was acknowledged in nai 7 (1911):preface. The Mandan escapade was remembered by Curtis in a reminiscence quoted fully in Andrews 1962:39–42. The manuscripts of The North American Indian were examined in the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History in 1978. A note on Upshaw’s White House visit appeared in the Washington Post, March 26, 1909 (reproduced in a Curtis publicity brochure titled The...